Chapter 3: Computer Software and Hardware Flashcards
Enumeration:
Types of Computer Systems
- Microcomputer Systems
- Midrange Systems
- Mainframe Systems
Personal computers, network computers, technical workstations, personal digital assistants, information appliances, etc.
Microcomputer Systems
Network servers, minicomputers, web servers, multiuser systems, etc.
Midrange Systems
Enterprise systems, superservers, transaction processors, supercomputers, etc.
Mainframe Systems
are the most important category of computer systems for both businesspeople and consumers. Although usually called a personal computer, or PC, a ________ is much more than a small computer for use by an individual as a communicator device. The computing power of micro computers now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous computer generations, at a fraction of their cost. Thus, they have become powerful networked professional workstations for business professionals.
Microcomputer Systems
The term ______ describes a category of extremely powerful computer system specifically designed for scientific, engineering, business applications requiring extremely high speeds for massive numeric computations. The market for supercomputers includes government research agencies, large universities, and major corporations. They use _________ for applications such as global weather fore-casting, military defense systems, computational cosmology and astronomy, microprocessor research and design, and large-scale data mining.
Supercomputer Systems
_________ is the generic name given to all input, output, and secondary storage devices that are part of a computer system but are not part of the CPU. _________ depend on direct connections or telecommunications links to the central processing unit of a computer system. Thus, all peripherals are online devices; that is, they are separate from, but can be electronically connected to and controlled by, a CPU.
Peripherals
Keyboards are still the most widely used devices for entering data and text into computer systems. However, ___________ are a better alternative for issuing commands, making choices, and responding to prompts displayed on your video screen. They work with your operating system’s graphical user interface (GUI), which presents you with icons, menus, windows, buttons, and bars for your selection.
Pointing Devices
Enumeration:
Kinds of Pointing Devices
- ELECTRONIC MOUSE
- TRACKBALL
- POINTING STICK
- TOUCH PAD
is the most popular pointing device used to move the cursor on the screen, as well as issue commands and make icon and menu selections
ELECTRONIC MOUSE
is a stationary device related to the mouse.
TRACKBALL
A _______ (also called a trackpoint) is a small button-like device, sometimes likened to the eraser head of a pencil.
POINTING STICK
The ________ is a small rectangular touch-sensitive surface usually placed below the keyboard.
TOUCH PAD
Enumeration:
Types of Software
- System Software
- Application Software
- Programming Software
- Middleware
______________ are software applications designed to help individuals manage personal information, such as contacts, calendars, tasks, notes, and sometimes even email.
PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGERS
A software that helps workgroups and teams collaborate to accomplish group assignments.
GROUPWARE
It refer to different programs or applications that serve similar purposes or provide similar functionalities.
SOFTWARE ALTERNATIVES
it is a model for allowing convenient, on demand access from anywhere to a shared pool of computing resources.
CLOUD COMPUTING
_____________ in software refers to the efficient allocation and utilization of resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and network bandwidth to ensure optimal performance and reliability of software applications.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
_______________ in software involves organizing, storing, retrieving, and manipulating files and data within a computer system
FILE MANAGEMENT
____________________in software involves organizing, tracking, and prioritizing tasks or activities to ensure efficient completion of goals and projects.
TASK MANAGEMENT
computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs)
Microsoft Windows
Who develop Microsoft?
Bill Gates and Paul Allen (1975)
Date that Windows 1 released?
1985
Date that Windows 3.1 released?
1992
Date that Windows 95 released?
1995
Date that Windows NT released?
1995
Date that Windows 98 released?
1998
Date that Windows XP released?
2001
Date that Windows Vista released?
2006
Date that Windows 7 released?
2009
Date that Windows 8 released?
2012
Date that Windows 10 released?
2015
an open source operating system (OS) that directly manages a system’s hardware and resources
low-cost, powerful and reliable UNIX-like OS
was developed as free or low-cost shareware or open-source software in 1990s by Linus Torvald of Finland
Linux
used for Internet servers, workstations, and mainframe computers
multitasking, multiuser, network-managing OS whose portability allows it to run on mainframes, midrange computers, and microcomputers
Unix
is software with source code that anyone can access
developers collaborate on the development of an application using programming standards that allow for anyone to contribute to the software
Open Source Software
a programming language for creating Web pages
a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
a programming language that supports information exchange between computer systems
it describes the contents of Web pages (including business documents designed for use on the Web) by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
a programming language used to develop mobile apps, web apps and much more
an object-oriented programming language created by Sun Microsystems
Java
It is a developer platform with tools and libraries for building any type of app
collection of programming support
.Net
a software system that supports interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network
software components that are based on a framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technologies for using the Web that electronically link the applications of different users and different computing platforms
Web Services
Computer comes from latin word _______ that means _______
- Computare
- To compute, to recall
The word “calculate” is derive from _______, the latin word for _______
- calculus
- small stone, pebbles, beads
First computing tool
Abacus
gigaflops means?
billions of floating-point operations per second
teraflops means?
trillions of floating-point operations per seconds
The use of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and distributed shared memory (DSM) designs for smaller numbers of interconnected microprocessors has spawned a breed of ________ with prices that start in the hundreds of thousands of dollars
Minisupercomputers
Enter data and instructions into the CPU
Input Devices
Enumeration:
Kinds of Input devices
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Touch screen
- Optical Scanner
- Voice Recognition
2 parts of CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- Control Unit
- Arithmetic-Logic Unit
Interprets instructions and data processing
Control Unit
performs arithmetic operations and makes comparisons
Arithmetic-Logic
stores data and program instructions during processing
Primary Storage (Memory)
stores data and programs for processing
Secondary Storage Devices
Enumeration:
Kinds of Secondary Storage Devices
- Magnetic Disks
- Tape Units
- Optical Disks
communicate and records information
Output Devices
Enumeration:
Kinds of Output Devices
- Visual Display Unit
- Printer
- Audio-Response
- Physical Control Devices
They convert data into electronic form for direct entry or through a telecommunications network into a computer system
Input
The CPU is the main ___________ component of a computer system
Processing
They converted electronic information produced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end users
Output
Computer processors may also include storage circuitry called _______ for high-speed, temporary storage of instructions and data elements
Cache Memory
Its registers and other circuits interpret software instructions and transmit directions that control the activities of other components of the computer systems
Control
The primary storage (main memory) of the computer consists of microelectronic ____________ chips
Semiconductor memory
Disadvantages of Semiconductor Memory
- volatility
Major advantages of Semiconductor Memory
- small size
- great speed
- shock and temperature resistance
Types of Semiconductor Memory
- RAM (random-access memory)
- ROM (read-only memory)
These memory chips are most widely used primary storage medium
RAM (random-access memory)
Each memory position can be both sensed (read) and changed (written), so it is called read/write memory. This is a volatile memory
RAM (random-access memory)
nonvolatile RAM chips are used for permanent storage
ROM (read-only memory)
___ can be read but not erased or overwritten
ROM (read-only memory)
permanently burned into the storage cells during manufacture
firmware
PROM means?
programmable read-only memory
EPROM means?
erasable programmable read-only memory
uses small chips containing thousands of transistors that can be programmed to store data for virtually unlimited periods without power
Flash Memory
other term for flashdrive?
Jump drive
A _______ costs a lot less than the total cost of buying its individual packages of prgrams
Software suite
It can also share common tools such as spell checker and help wizards to increase efficiency
Software suite
Their programs are designed to work seamlessly and import each other’s files easily, no matter which program you are using at the time
Software suite
_____ is stored on networked mail servers until you are ready.
It is an e-mail/computer conferencing hybrid technology that has grown so rapidly that it has become a standard method of electronic messaging.
Instant Messaging (IM)
A _________ is a website of personal or noncommercial origin that uses a dated log format updated daily or very frequently with new information about a particular subject or range of subjects
Weblog
They are the companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and the computer system resources (servers, system software, networks, and IT personnel) required to offer the use of the application software for a fee as a service over the Internet.
Application service providers (ASPs)
It is a style of computing in which software, and some cases, virtualized hardware resources are provided as a service over the Internet
CLOUD COMPUTING
Composed of programs that manage and support a computer system and its information processing activities
System Software
programs that manage the hardware, software, networks, and data resources of computer systems during the execution of the various information processing jobs of users
System Management Programs
programs that helps users develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing
System Development Programs
integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer systems, and provides various supports services as the computer executes the application programs of users
Operating System
Enumeration:
Operating System Functions
- User interface
- Resource Management
- Task Management
- File Management
- Utilities and support services
part of OS that allows you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks
User Interface
Enumeration:
Types of User Interface
- command-driven
- menu-driven
- graphical user interface
An operating system uses a variety of ________ programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors, and input/output peripherals
managing the use of hardware resources
Resource Management
An operating system contains _______ programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs, may also involves keeping track of physical location of files on magnetic disks and other secondary storage devices
managing data and program files
File Management
The _______ programs of an OS help accomplish the computing tasks of end users.
managing the accomplishment of tasks
Task Management
providing a variety of support services
Utilities and Support Services
is a task management approach that allows several computing tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion
Multitasking
types of multitasking that the task management functions parcel out CPU time slices to each program
Preemptive multitasking
types of multitasking that allows each program to control the CPU for as long as it needs
Cooperative multitasking
for smaller server applications, including file and print sharing, Internet and intranet connectivity, and centralized desktop application deployment
Windows Server 2008, Standard Edition
for larger business applications, XML Web services, enterprise collaboration, and enterprise network support
Windows Server 2008, Enterprise Edition
for business-critical and mission-critical applications demanding the highest level of scalability and availability
Windows Server 2008, Datacenter Edition
for Web serving and hosting, providing a platform for developing and deploying Web services and applications
Windows Server 2008, Web Edition
the “yellow pages” directory of all Web services and how to locate and use them
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration)
XML-based protocol of specifications for connecting applications to the data that they need
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
2 types of Software
- Application Software
- System Software
directs the performance of a particular use, or application, of computers to meet the information processing needs of users
General-purpose application programs performs common information processing jobs for end users
Application-specific programs specifies accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions/processes, scientific/engineering applications, and computer applications in society
Application Software
controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks
manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks
System Software
major category of system software
they require the use of variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer programs and language translator programs to convert programming language instructions into machine language instruction codes
Programming Langauges
general term for various kind of programs used to operate and manipulate computers and their peripherals
Software
term used to identify software applications that are developed within the organization that writes the program code is also the organization that uses the final software application
Custom software
is developed with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies
COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) software
The physical parts of computing devices – those that you can actually touch
Hardware
encompasses the range of electronic tools, systems, devices and resources used to generate, store or process data
Digital Technologies
processes electronic signals into discrete values, of which there can be two or more
Digital Devices
Many electronic devices process signals into two discrete values, typically known as _________
values are represented as either
a one (“on”) or a zero (“off”)
Binary
a blending of the two words “binary” and “digit”
Bit
known as a group of eight bits
Byte
number of bits that can be processed by a computer’s processor at one time
Word Size
The speed (“clock time”) of a CPU is measured in __________
hertz
one of the founders of Intel
Gordon Moore
The number of integrated circuits on a chip doubles every two years.
Has been generalized into the concept that computing power will double every two years for the same price point
Moore’s Law
A Taiwanese-American billionaire businessman and electrical engineer.
Serves as president and CEO of the Nvidia Corporation, which he co-founded in 1993.
Jen-Hsun “Jensen” Huang
done by adding an expansion card to the computer that enabled the network connection
Network Interface Cards (NIC)
exchanges data over short distances of 10 meters up to 100 meters using radio waves.
Bluetooth
system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs).
Integrated Computing
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
Internet of Things (IoT)
