Chapter 3 Coaching and instruction Flashcards
Direct approach to instructions
The direct approach is an instructor-orientated approach to coaching movement skills, where the learner is told what to do and how to do it
Constraint based approach to instruction
The constraints-based approach to coaching is a learner driven method that shapes a learners performance through guided discovery and self exploration. It develops both technical and tactical awareness through involvement in short-sided modified games
Explicit learning
Explicit learning is learning that takes place as a result of direct instruction, where the performer is told what to do and when to do it
Implicit learning
Implicit learning is the learning that takes place as a result of completing a task, or taking part in a game
Advantages of Direct learning
The instructor-centered approach keeps learners on task
It provides a predictable/closed environment to assist the beginner skill learner
It facilitates early-stage skill learning
Improvements in practice performance are rapid compared with indirect instruction
There is an emphasis on mastering technique
The learner is provided with a set of rules to guide decision making
Disadvantages of direct learning
The direct approach encourages the learner to master skills in isolation in a closed and predictable environment, before applying theses skills in a less-predictable game situation
Risk of learner being unable to apply skills in a game situation
Learners become overly dependent on coach’s instructions for successful performance
May not develop sufficient tactical awareness to be an effective competitor
Advantages of constraints-based approach to instructions
Practice closely replicates the game environment, facilitating the development of more applicable skills.
Practice is more varied ensuring the development of versatile skills, as well as providing the learner with a more interesting and engaging learning environment.
The learning is implicit.
Implicit learners make better problem solvers and are less likely to choke at times of stress.
It develops both technical and tactical awareness.
It engenders independent/autonomous learning
Game sense approach - a constraints-based approach to instruction
Game sense is a method of coaching or teaching that uses small-sided modified games to develop tactical and strategic thinking, as well as movement skill performance
Game sense is a method of teaching tactical awareness and effective skill performance through game constraints modification and the use of guiding, open ended questions
Individual constraints
Individual constraints are the physical, psychological, and behavioural characteristics of the individual performer
They include such things as height, weight, fitness, motivation, confidence, decision-making skills, and learning styles
Environmental constraints
Environmental constraints are the characteristics of the environment in which the performance takes place
These include physical characteristics such as climate, the playing surface and stadium lighting
Environmental constraints can also include social factors such as the influence of peers and cultural norms
Example can be how different cultures and nationalities identify with particular sports. (India and cricket and this facilitates the development of skills such as throwing, catching, batting, and bowling)
Task constraints
Task constraints are the defining characteristics of the activity/sport
Task constraints explain the goal of the sport and rules of the sport
An example can be kicking the ball into the goal (goal), without the use of their hands except goalies (rule)
Task constraints also describe the equipment and facilities used (example can be dimension of soccer field and the size of the soccer ball)
Disadvantages of constraints-based approach to instruction
The cognitive learner may become overwhelmed with rules, tactics and new skills
Technical skills may lack refinement
Coaches often less familiar with game sense approach
A less regimented and structured approach may not suit coaching large groups or younger athletes
May take longer to achieve results
Cognitive stage
The cognitive stage of learning is the initial phase of learning of a motor skill where the emphasis is on conscious understanding of the task requirements
Associative stage
The associative stage involves the performer refining and replicating the required movement pattern
Often referred as the practice stage as the leaner can successfully perform skill but needs regular practice to eliminate minor errors
Autonomous stage
In the autonomous stage of learning, the learner can perform the skill almost automatically
The skill is ingrained and second nature to the performer with very little attention required for skill execution
The performer in the autonomous stage can multitask (example can be a hockey player being able to execute the skill of dribbling at high speed while simultaneously observing the whereabouts of opposition players)
Performers become further aware of their competitive environment, developing their tactical and strategic awareness and their decision-making capabilities
