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Nutritional Science > Chapter 3: Chemical, Biological & Physiological Aspects of Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Chemical, Biological & Physiological Aspects of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest component of an element

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2
Q

Molecules

A

formed when chemical bonds join two or more atoms together

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3
Q

Complex Molecules

A

Large molecules that are diverse in structure and function

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4
Q

Tissues

A

Cells come together to form tissues that carry out specific functions. There are four different types of tissue in the human body.

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5
Q

Cells and Organelles

A

Cells are the structural and functional units of living organisms. Organelles carry out specific functions within cells.

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6
Q

Organs

A

Over 40 in the body, each made of two or more tissue types.

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7
Q

Organ Systems

A

Over 11 in body, each is made up of several organs that together carry out specific physiological function.

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8
Q

Electrons

A

negative charge and found outside the nucleus also a subatomic partical.

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9
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge and found inside nucleus, subatomic particle.

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10
Q

Neutrons

A

No electrical charge and found inside nucleus and is a subatomic particle.

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11
Q

Ion

A

Atom that has acquired an electrical charge by gaining or loosing one or more electrons.

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12
Q

Cation

A

An ion with a net positive charge

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13
Q

Anion

A

Ion with a net negative charge

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of one or more electrons

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15
Q

Reduction

A

The gain of one or more electrons

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16
Q

Reduction Oxidation (Redox) Reactions

A

Chemical reactions that take place simultaneously whereby one molecule gives up one or more electrons (oxidation) while the other molecule receives one or more electrons (is reduced).

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17
Q

Element

A

Pure substance made of only one type of atom

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18
Q

Molecule

A

Substance held together by chemical bonds

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19
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Attractive force between atoms formed by the transfer, sharing or interactions of electrons.

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20
Q

Molecular formula

A

Indicates the number and types of atoms in a molecule

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21
Q

Compound

A

Molecule made up of two or more different types of atoms

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22
Q

Condensation

A

Chemical reaction that results in the formation of water.

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23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical reaction whereby compounds react with water and are split apart.

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24
Q

pH Scale

A

Scale ranging from 0 to 14, that signifies the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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25
Acidic
pH less than 7
26
Basic (Alkaline)
pH higher than 7
27
Buffer
Substance that releases or binds hydrogen ions in order to resist changes in pH
28
Organelles
Cellular structures that have a particular function
29
Cytoplasm
Gel-like matrix inside cells
30
Extracellular
Situated outside of a cell
31
Intracellular
Situated within a cell
32
Passive Transport Mechanism
enables substances to cross cell membranes without expenditure of energy (ATP).
33
Simple Diffusion
Whereby substances cross cell membranes from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without using energy (ATP).
34
Facilitated diffusion
Whereby substances cross cell membranes from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the assistance of a transport protein.
35
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from a region of lower concentration to that of a higher solute concentration, until equilibrium is reached.
36
Electrolytes
Substances such as salt that dissolve or dissociate into ions when put in water.
37
Solute
Substance that dissolves in a solvent
38
Solution
Mixture of two or more substances that are uniformly dispersed.
39
Carier-Medicated Actice Transport
Energy-requiring mechanism whereby a substance moves from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration , requiring the assistance of a carrier protein.
40
Vesicular Active Transport
Whereby large molecules move into or out of cells by an enclosed vesicle.
41
Endocytosis
Form of vesicular active transport whereby the cell membrane surrounds extracellular substances and releases them to the cytoplasm.
42
Extocytosis
Whereby intracellular cell products are enclosed in a vesicle and the contents of the vesicle are released to the outside of the cell.
43
Mitocondria
Cellular organelles involved in generating energy (Atp).
44
Nucleus
Membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the genetic material DNA.
45
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Cells are surrounded by a membrane that provides a protective boundary between the extracellular and intracellular environments.
46
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Region of the endoplasmic reticulum involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticula do not have ribosomes and are not involved in protein synthesis.
47
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Series of membrane sacs that containribosomes that build and process proteins.
48
Gogi Apparatus
Series of membrane sacs that process and package proteins
49
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes that break down proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. It also removes and recycles waste products.
50
Cytoplasm or cytosol
Gel-like substance inside cells. Cytoplasm contains cell organelles, proteins, electrolytes and other molecules.
51
Nucleus
Contains DNA in the cell. Molecules of DNA provide coded instructions used for protein synthesis
52
Mitochondrion
Organelle that produces most of the energy used by cells
53
Tissue
Aggregation of specialized cells that are similar in form and function.
54
Epithelial Tissue
Forms a protective layer on bodily surfaces and lines internal organs, ducts and cavities.
55
Connective Tissue
Supports connects and anchors body structures
56
Plasma
Fluid component of blood
57
Muscle Tissue
Specializes in movement
58
Neural Tissue
Specializes in communication via nerves
59
Organ
Group of tissues that combine to carry out coordinated functions.
60
Organ system
Organs that work collectivley to carry out related functions
61
Neurotranmitters
Chemical messengers released from nerve cells that transmit information.
62
Hormones
Substances released from glands or cells in response to various stimuli that exert their effect by binding to receptors on specific tissues.
63
Homeostasis
Balance or Equilibrium
64
Negative Feedback Systems
Corrective responses that oppose change and restore homeostasis
65
Gastrointestinal Tract (Digestive Tract)
Tubular passage that runs from the mouth to the anus that includes several organs that participate in the process of digestion
66
Lumen
Cavity inside a tubular structure in the body
67
Digestion
Physical and Chemical breakdown of food by the digestive system into a form that allows nutrients to be absorbed.
68
Absorption
Passage of nutrients through the lining of the GI tract into the blood or lymphatic circulation.
69
Egestion
Process whereby solid waste is expelled from the body. (feces)
70
Submucosa
Layer of tissue that lies between the mucosa and muscularis tissue layers
71
Lymph
Fluid found in lymphatic vessels
72
Muscularis
Layer of tissue in gastrointestinal tract that consists of at least two layers of smooth muscle.
73
Serosa
Connective tissue that encloses the gastrointestinal tract.
74
Transmit Time
Amount of time between the consumption of food and its elimination as solid waste.
75
Sphicter
Muscle band that narrows an opening between organs in the GI tract
76
GI Mobility
Mixing and propulsive movements of the gastrointestinal tract caused by contadiction and contraction of the muscles.
77
Segmentation
Muscular movement in the gastroinintestinal tract that moves the contents back and forth within a small region
78
Peritstalsis
Waves of muscular contractions that move materials in the GI tract in a forward direction.
79
Mucus
Substance that coats and protects mucous membranes

Nutritional Science (3 decks)

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