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Chapter 1: Science of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support all the processes required for their existance.

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2
Q

Dietitians

A

Nutrition professionals who help people make dietary changes and food choices to support a healthy lifestyle.

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3
Q

Nutrients

A

Substances in food required or used by the body for at least one of the following: energy, structure, or regulation of chemical reactions.

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4
Q

Vitamins

A

Essential for chemical reactions such as those needed to protect your body from damaging effects. (Fruits, vegtables and grains); contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms; But some include phosphorous and sulfur; Needed to regulate chemical reactions and promote growth and deveopment.

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5
Q

Six nutrient categories

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, water, Minerals and Vitamins.

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6
Q

Essential Nutrient

A

Substance that must be obtained from the diet, because the body needs it and cannot make it in required amounts.

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7
Q

Non-Essential Nutrient

A

Those your body can make in amounts needed to satisfy its physiological requirements.

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8
Q

Conditionally Essential Nutrient

A

When a normally nonessential nutrient can become essential.

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9
Q

Macronutrients

A

Water, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Needed in large quantities (Over a gram a day)

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10
Q

Micronutrients

A

Vitamins and minerals. Needed in small amounts. (Micrograms or milligrams a day).

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11
Q

Organic Compound

A

Molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms or other carbon atoms.

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12
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

Do not contain hydrogen-carbon bons or carbon-carbon.

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13
Q

Certified Organic Foods

A

Plant and animal foods that have been grown harvested and processed without conventional pestisides, fertilizers, growth promoters, bioengenieering or ionizing radiation.

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14
Q

Phytochemicals

A

health promoting compounds found in plants.

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15
Q

Zoonutrients

A

compounds present in animal foods that provide health benefits beyond the provision of traditional nutrients and energy.

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16
Q

Functional Foods

A

May promote optimal health above and beyond simply helping the body meet its basic nutritional needs.

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17
Q

3 requirements of functional foods

A

1). Enhanced amounts of traditional nutrients 2). Phytochemicals 3). and/or zoonutrients.

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18
Q

Protein

A

Important for providing the basic stuctures of muscles, bone and skin. Consists primarily of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen atoms; but sometimes sulfur and selenium.

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19
Q

Dietary Fats

A

Provides an important source of energy, needed to power body’s activities.

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Serve as a variety of functions in the body. Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

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21
Q

Most Important Carbohydrate

A

Glucose, most cells use it as their primary source of energy.

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22
Q

Protein is abundant in what foods

A

Meat, legumes and some cereal products.

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23
Q

Lipids

A

Include variety of oils and fats found in foods and the body generally consist of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Provide large amounts of energy and are needed for your nervous and reproductive systems to function properly; regulate a variety of cellular processes.

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24
Q

Water

A

Oxygen and hydrogen atoms; 60% of your body weight. Functions are vital including: transport of nutrients, gases and waste products; serving as a medium in which chemical reactions occur; involvement in many chemical reactions; important in regulating body temperature and protecting your internal organs from damage.

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25
Antioxidants
Help protect body from air pollution
26
Which energy yielding nutrient is not used directly for structure or energy
Vitamins; Instead play important role in the chemical process required for building/maintaining tissue; Classified on how they act with water.
27
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins C & B
28
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins A, D,E,K
29
Minerals (Sodium, Iron, Selenium)
Inorganic substances that occur naturally in the Earth. ( At least 16 are essential nutrients)
30
Energy Yielding Nutrient
Nutrient the body can use to produce ATP (carbohydrates,proteins, lipids); Energy never created or destroyed just transferred from one form to another.
31
Energy
The capacity of a physical system to do work. ("Has energy"= can cause something else to happen).
32
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical used by the body to preform work; Allows muscles to move, drives nutrient digestion and keeps you warm.
33
calorie
Unit of measure used to express the amount of energy in a food; More calories=More ATP.
34
Kilocalorie
1 kCal = 1,000 calories = 1 Calorie
35
Bomb Calorimeter
Device used to raise temperature of 1 kg of water to 1 degree C
36
Scientific Method
steps used by scientists to explain observations
37
3 Steps of Scientific Method
1). Observation:must be accurate; 2). Proposing hypothesis: understand detail associated with observation and explain why the event occurred; 3). Hypothesis: prediction about relationship between variables; 2 types: casual: those that predict cause-and-effect relations and associations: Those that predict correlations.
38
Cause-and-Effect Relationship (Casual)
When an altercation in one variable causes a change in another. ex: excess energy intake causes weight gain
39
Correlation (Association)
When a change in one value is related to a change in another variable. (ex: alarm @ sunrise)
40
Positive Correlation
Association between factors in which a change in one is related to a similar change in the other. (Ex: watching TV positively correlated to childhood obesity).
41
Negative Correlation (Inverse)
Association between factors in one is related to a change in the other in the opposite direction.
42
Simple Relationship
Relationship between two factors that is not influenced or modified by another factor. (Ex: fat).
43
Complex Relationship
Involves one or more interactions
44
Interaction
Relations between two factors is influenced or modified by another factor.
45
Lifestyle Factor
Behavioral component of our lives over which we may or may not have control (ex: diet/tobacco use)
46
Environmental Factors
Element or variable in our surroundings over which we may or many not have control (ex: pollution/temperature).
47
Genetic Factor
Inherited element or variable in our lives that cant be altered
48
Epidemiological study
Data collected from a group of individuals who are not asked to change their behaviors in any way. Should only be used for correlations.
49
Intervention Study
Experiment in which something is altered or changed to determine its effect on something else.
50
Control Group
Group of people, animals or cells in an intervention study that does not receive the experimental treatment.
51
Hawthorne Effect
Phenomenon in which study results are influenced by an unintentional alteration of a behavior by the study participants.
52
Placebo Effect
Apparent effect of the treatment because the individual expects or believes that it will work.
53
Researcher Bias
Researcher influences the results of study
54
Single-Blind Study
Human experiment in which the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned.
55
Double-Blind Study
Human experiment in which neither the participants nor scientists know to which group the participants have been assigned.
56
Placebo
"Fake" Treatment, given to the control group, that cannot be distinguished from the actual treatment.
57
Random Assignment
Study participants have equal chance of being assigned to each experimental group. (Control vs. Treatment)
58
Confusing Variable
Factor, other than the one of interest, that might influence the outcome of the experiment.
59
Ideal nutrition Intervention Study best wheb
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention studies are considered the "gold standard" in nutrition research.
60
Animal Study
Use of experimental animals such as mice, rats or primates in a study.
61
Cell Culture System
Specific type of cells that can be grown in the laboratory and used for research purposes.
62
in vitro
Involving the use of cells or environments that are not part of a living organism.
63
in vivo
Involving the study of natural phenomena in a living organism.
64
Primary (Information) Source
Location (ex:Scientific journal) in which a scientific finding is first published.
65
Peer-Reviewed Journal
Publication that requires a group of scientists to read and approve a study before it is accepted.
66
PubMed
Computerized database that allows access to approximately 11 million biomedical journal citations.
67
U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Governmental agency that monitors the nations health in order to prevent and control disease outbreaks.
68
Rate
Measure of the occurrence of a certain type of event within a specific period of time.
69
Mortality Rate
Number of deaths in a given period of time
70
Infant Mortality Rate
Number of infant deaths (
71
Morbidity Rate
Number of illnesses in a given period of time.
72
Incidence
Number of people who are newly diagnosed with a condition in a given period of time
73
Prevalence
Total number of people who have a condition in a given period of time.
74
Life Expectancy
Statistical prediction of the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a specific age.
75
Graying of America
Phenomenon occurring in the U.S. in which the proportion of elderly individuals in the population is increasing with time.
76
Disease
Condition that causes physiological or psychological discomfort, dysfunction or distress
77
Infectious Disease
Contagious illness caused by a pathogen such as a bacteria, virus or parasite.
78
Noninfectious Disease
Illness that is not contagious
79
Etiology
Cause or origin of a disease
80
Autoimmune Disease
Condition in which the immune system attacks an otherwise healthy part of the body.
81
Chronic Degenerative Disease
Noninfectious disease that develops slowly and persists over time.
82
Risk Factor
Lifestyle, environmental, or generic factor related to a person's chances of developing a disease.
83
Nutrition Transition
Shift from undernutrition to over-nutrition or unbalanced nutrition that often occurs simultaneously with the industrialization of a society.
84
What five things must a single cell be able to perform to be considered living
1). metabolism 2). reproduction 3). growth and development 4). respond 5). movement
85
4 types of tissue
1). Epithelial 2). Connective 3). Muscular 4). Nervous
86
11 Organ Systems in our Bodies
1). Digestive 2). Cardiovascular 3). Respiratory 4). Endocrine 5). Reproductive 6). Muscular 7). Skeletal 8). Urinary 9). Nervous 10). Integumentary 11). lymphatic/immune.

Nutritional Science (3 decks)

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