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Bio 1112 Lecture Fall Term > Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean for the plasma membrane to be selectively permeable?

A

It regulates the flow of material into and out of cells.

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2
Q

What does the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane consist of?

A
  • Polar phosphate groups that face the ECF and ICF
  • nonpolar fatty acid tails which face each other in the center of the membrane
  • glycolipids on the outside surface
  • cholesterol within the phospholipids
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3
Q

Define diffusion.

A

The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached (may or may not occur across a membrane)

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport.

A

1) simple diffusion
2) facilitated diffusion
3) osmosis

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5
Q

Define simple diffusion.

A

Nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the plasma membrane

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6
Q

Which type of diffusion allows for transport through a channel-mediated and/or career-mediated transports?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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7
Q

Define osmosis.

A

The net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to an area of lower water concentration

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8
Q

____ refers to the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution.

A

Osmolarity

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9
Q

_____ is a measure of the ability of a solution to promote osmotic flow water and alter a cell’s volume

A

Tonicity

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10
Q

0.9% salt is ____ to RBC.

A

Isotonic.

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11
Q

Hypertonic solutions to RBC will ____ the cell. This is called _____.

A

Shrink/shrivel. Cremation.

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12
Q

Hemolysis of RBC is caused by _____ solutions.

A

Hypotonic solutions.

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13
Q

10% salt solution is ______ to water.

A

Hypertonic.

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14
Q

Distilled water is ______to RBCs.

A

Hypotonic.

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of active tranport?

A
  1. Primary active transport
  2. Secondary active transport
  3. Vesicular transport
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16
Q

Which process moves materials no the call by forming a protein-coated vesicle?

A

Endocytosis.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

1) phagocytosis
2) pinocytosis
3) receptor-mediated endocytosis

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18
Q

Explain the process of exocytosis.

A

Moves a packaged vesicle out of the cell by fusing wth the cell membrane and releasing its contents to the extracellular fluid (hormone, mucus, neurotrasnmitter)

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19
Q

What is the fluid surrounding the organelles of a cell?

A

Cytosol

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20
Q

“Specialized structures that have specific functions necessary for the life of the cell: define what?

A

Organelles.

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21
Q

Centrosome =

A

A pair of centrioles. They are always located near the nucleus.

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22
Q

What are the functions of centrosomes?

A

Directs the formation of the mitosis spindle fibres and microtubules.

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23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Involved in protein synthesis.

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24
Q

What do Ribosomes on RER do?

A

Synthesize proteins for use in plasma membrane andfor export from cells and use for lysosomes.

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25
Q

What is the function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis and transport of proteins for export

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26
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis and detoxifies drugs?

A

Smooth ER

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27
Q

Describe autphagy and autolysis.

A

Autophagy: degrade wont out organelles
Autolusis: digest enter cell

28
Q

Which organelles function is to modify, sort and package proteins for armour destinations in cells?

A

Golgi apparatus.

29
Q

What is the inner folded membrane called of the mitochondria?

A

Cristae.

30
Q

Which organelle produces most of the cells ATP?

A

Mitochondria.

31
Q

What does anucleic mean?

A

A cell has no nucleus.

32
Q

What are the 3 main structures of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nuclear membrane (envelope)
  2. Nucleulus
  3. Chromatin
33
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

Acts as a selectively permeable barrier and pores control the movement of substances between the cytoplasm and nucleus.

34
Q

Where are nuclear pores located?

A

Among the nuclear membrane.

35
Q

Where are ribosomal subunits assembled in the cell?

A

Nucleolus.

36
Q

What substance in composed of DNA and protein found in the nucleu?

A

Chromatin.

37
Q

What is the function of chromatin?

A

Consists of genes which control cellular structure and direct cellular functions by providing nstructions for protein synthesis.

38
Q

What are the subunits of chromatin called?

A

Nucleosomes.

39
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A
  1. Somatic cell division - mitosis

2. Reproductive cell division - meiosis

40
Q

What stage does a cell spend most of its time in?

A

Interphase

41
Q

Cells that do not divide stay in what stage of interphase?

A

G0

42
Q

What occurs in Gap 1?

A

Cells are metabolically active.

43
Q

What happens during S (synthesis) phase?

A

DNA replicates exactly so exact copes can be passed to new cell. (DNA Replication)

44
Q

Sister chormatids are held together by ______.

A

A centromere.

45
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Involved in protein synthesis.

46
Q

What organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for various destinations in the cell?

A

Golgi Apparatus

47
Q

What is the function of mitosis?

A

Retired for tissue growth, repair and replacement of dead r worn out or injured cells.

48
Q

Describe a homologous pair of chromosomes,

A

They have the same length/centormere postision and the same number of genes that influence the same traits.

49
Q

Mitosis results in:

A

2 gentical identical daughter cells.

50
Q

What is th end result of meiosis?

A

4 genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes (haploid number).

51
Q

What are the 3 types of sprinkle fibres during cell division?

A

1) Astral Rays
2) Kinetochore microtubules
3) Non-kinetic chore mictrotubules

52
Q

When is the diplodocus number of chromosomes restored?

A

When the egg adn sperm cell unite in fertilization

53
Q

What is a base triplet?

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule

54
Q

What are the 4 DNA nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

55
Q

What replaces Thymine in RNA?

A

Uracil

56
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the nucleus.

57
Q

How many different kinds of amino acids are there?

A

20

58
Q

What happens during transcription?

A
  • The information on the specific region of DNA (gene) is copied onto a molecule of mRNA
  • hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases of the DNA molecule break and the 2 strands of DNA separate.
  • A molecule of mRNA is then synthesis along one strand of DNA
  • Complimetnary base parking occurs
  • they are joined by RNA polymerase
  • New mRNA passes through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm
59
Q

Wha occurs at the P site?

A

Where protein sits and grows in lenght

60
Q

What site is the exit site during protein synthesis?

A

E site

61
Q

What occurs at the A site during protein synthesis?

A

Wher an incoming tRNA brings an amino acid and the anticodon Paris with the codon mRNA

62
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

63
Q

What is synapsis?

A

When the homologous duplicated chromosome pair up forming tetras (prophase 1)

64
Q

What are alternate forms of the same gene at the same locus on homologous chromosomes? Coding for different phenotypes occur

A

Allels

65
Q

State the difference between genotype and phenotype.

A

Genotype: gentic makeup
Phenotype: physical appearance (gene expression)

Bio 1112 Lecture Fall Term (9 decks)

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