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Anatomy 101 > Chapter 3 Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

Basic living structural and the functional unit of the body

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2
Q

What are the three main components of any body cell

A

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

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3
Q

Mitochondrion (singular)

A

A site where ATP or energy is generated or produced

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4
Q

Around the nucleus of a cell, there is a structure that has two different types

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes are attatched to ER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (does not have ribosomes attached)

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5
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

Synthesize proteins

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6
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesize steroids, store and release calcium

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7
Q

Centrioles and the pericentriolar material that surrounds it forms what?

A

Centrosome

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8
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes

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9
Q

Proteasome

A

Breaks down old/broken proteins into amino acids for the synthesis of new proteins

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton is made up of 3 parts

A

Micotubule, Microfilament, Intermediate filament

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11
Q

Within the center of the Nucleus contains the structure called a

A

Nucleolus

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12
Q

The membrane lining the Nucleus is called

A

Nuclear membrane/Nuclear envelope

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13
Q

Windows on the Nuclear envelope are called

A

Nuclear pores

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14
Q

When the cell wants to undergo cell division the Chromatin becomes

A

Chromosome

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15
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail like structure, only human cell has it. The flagellum helps the body of the cell move

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16
Q

Cilium

A

fine helix structure, that helps capture microorganisms and dust

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17
Q

Goblet Cell

A

Produces mucus

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18
Q

Microvili

A

is the folding of the plasma membrane to create more surface area for maximum absorption

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19
Q

Components of Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol, Organelles

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20
Q

Components of Nucleus

A

Chromosomes, Genes

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21
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluids and electrolytes

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22
Q

Organelles

A

Tiny structures with their own shape, membrane, function

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23
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

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24
Q

What is the main component of the plasma membrane

A

Lipid bilayer

25
Q

Two groups of Membrane Proteins

A

Integral(transmembrane) Protein (passes through both interior and exterior)

Peripheral Protein (either inside or outside the cell)

26
Q

Lipid Bilayer made up of three things

A

made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid

27
Q

6 Different Functions of the Membrane Proteins

A

Ion channel, Carrier, Receptor, Enzyme, Linker, Cell Identity Marker

28
Q

Ion Channel

A

Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions.

29
Q

Carrier

A

Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape.

For example, amino acids and glucose, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers.

Carrier proteins are also known as transporters.

30
Q

Receptor

A

Recognizes a specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way.

For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.

31
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces)

For example, lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining the small intestine splits the disaccharide lactose in the milk you drink.

32
Q

Linker

A

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together.

33
Q

Cell Identity Marker (glycoprotein)

A 
Distinguishes your cells from anyone else's (unless you are an identical twin)
An important class of such markers are the major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins
34
Q

Membrane Fluidity

A

Membrane lipids and proteins are mobile in their own half of the bilayer

35
Q

Plasma Membranes are selectively permeable

A

Only permeable to certain molecules but not all

An example of such membrane is the cell membrane wherein it allows passage of only certain types of molecules by diffusion and occasionally by facilitated diffusion.

36
Q

What is cholesterol purpose in the membrane?

A

Serves to stabilize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity

37
Q

What can pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer is permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules

The transmembrane (integral) proteins act as a channel or transporter to increase the permeability of the membrane

38
Q

What allows the macromolecules to pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Vesicular transport

39
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

40
Q

Electric Gradient

A

Difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

41
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

Both concentration gradient and electrical gradient

42
Q

2 Transport Processes

A

Passive and Active

43
Q

Passive transport processes

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

No ATP/energy required

44
Q

Active transport processes

A

Primary and secondary transport, Vesicular transport

ATP/energy required

45
Q

Diffusion is influenced by

A
  1. Steepness of concentration gradient(like an actual gradient of solvent in solution)
  2. Temperature
  3. Mass of diffusion substance
  4. Surface Area
  5. Diffusion distance
46
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Assisted by protein molecules

Transmembrane proteins help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move though the lipid layer

Processes involves are

Channel mediated facilitated diffusion

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

47
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

48
Q

Tonicity

A

how the solution influences the shape of body cells

49
Q

Red Blood Cell in Isotonic Solution

A

Normal RBC shape

50
Q

Red Blood Cell in Hypotonic Solution

A

RBC undergoes hemolysis (disintegration of cell)

51
Q

Red Blood Cell in Hypertonic solution

A

RBC undergoes crenation (cells start to shrivel and form abnormal spikes and notches on the cell membrane)

52
Q

Active Transport: Primary

A

ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

53
Q

Active Transport: Secondary

A

Energy stored (in a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradients

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

takes contents from inside the cell and wraps it in a membrane which fuses with the main cell membrane, releasing it without crossing the plasma membrane and sending it off into the extracellular fluid.

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

allows large molecules into the cell, by first wrapping them into an envelope and bringing them inside the cell.

56
Q

Transcytosis

A

combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eats

58
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinks

Anatomy 101 (4 decks)

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