Chapter 3 Cellular Level of Organization

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

Basic living structural and the functional unit of the body

Question 2

What are the three main components of any body cell

Answer 2

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

Question 3

Mitochondrion (singular)

Answer 3

A site where ATP or energy is generated or produced

Question 4

Around the nucleus of a cell, there is a structure that has two different types

Answer 4

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes are attatched to ER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (does not have ribosomes attached)

Question 5

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

Answer 5

Synthesize proteins

Question 6

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

Synthesize steroids, store and release calcium

Question 7

Centrioles and the pericentriolar material that surrounds it forms what?

Answer 7

Centrosome

Question 8

Lysosome

Answer 8

Contains digestive enzymes

Question 9

Proteasome

Answer 9

Breaks down old/broken proteins into amino acids for the synthesis of new proteins

Question 10

Cytoskeleton is made up of 3 parts

Answer 10

Micotubule, Microfilament, Intermediate filament

Question 11

Within the center of the Nucleus contains the structure called a

Answer 11

Nucleolus

Question 12

The membrane lining the Nucleus is called

Answer 12

Nuclear membrane/Nuclear envelope

Question 13

Windows on the Nuclear envelope are called

Answer 13

Nuclear pores

Question 14

When the cell wants to undergo cell division the Chromatin becomes

Answer 14

Chromosome

Question 15

Flagellum

Answer 15

Tail like structure, only human cell has it. The flagellum helps the body of the cell move

Question 16

Cilium

Answer 16

fine helix structure, that helps capture microorganisms and dust

Question 17

Goblet Cell

Answer 17

Produces mucus

Question 18

Microvili

Answer 18

is the folding of the plasma membrane to create more surface area for maximum absorption

Question 19

Components of Cytoplasm

Answer 19

Cytosol, Organelles

Question 20

Components of Nucleus

Answer 20

Chromosomes, Genes

Question 21

Cytosol

Answer 21

Fluids and electrolytes

Question 22

Organelles

Answer 22

Tiny structures with their own shape, membrane, function

Question 23

Plasma Membrane

Answer 23

Flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 24

What is the main component of the plasma membrane

Answer 24

Lipid bilayer

Question 25

Two groups of Membrane Proteins

Answer 25

Integral(transmembrane) Protein (passes through both interior and exterior) Peripheral Protein (either inside or outside the cell)

Question 26

Lipid Bilayer made up of three things

Answer 26

made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid

Question 27

6 Different Functions of the Membrane Proteins

Answer 27

Ion channel, Carrier, Receptor, Enzyme, Linker, Cell Identity Marker

Question 28

Ion Channel

Answer 28

Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions.

Question 29

Carrier

Answer 29

Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape. For example, amino acids and glucose, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers. Carrier proteins are also known as transporters.

Question 30

Receptor

Answer 30

Recognizes a specific ligand and alters cell's function in some way. For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.

Question 31

Enzyme

Answer 31

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces) For example, lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining the small intestine splits the disaccharide lactose in the milk you drink.

Question 32

Linker

Answer 32

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together.

Question 33

Cell Identity Marker (glycoprotein)

Answer 33

``` Distinguishes your cells from anyone else's (unless you are an identical twin) An important class of such markers are the major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins ```

Question 34

Membrane Fluidity

Answer 34

Membrane lipids and proteins are mobile in their own half of the bilayer

Question 35

Plasma Membranes are selectively permeable

Answer 35

Only permeable to certain molecules but not all An example of such membrane is the cell membrane wherein it allows passage of only certain types of molecules by diffusion and occasionally by facilitated diffusion.

Question 36

What is cholesterol purpose in the membrane?

Answer 36

Serves to stabilize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity

Question 37

What can pass through the plasma membrane?

Answer 37

Lipid bilayer is permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules The transmembrane (integral) proteins act as a channel or transporter to increase the permeability of the membrane

Question 38

What allows the macromolecules to pass through the plasma membrane?

Answer 38

Vesicular transport

Question 39

Concentration Gradient

Answer 39

Difference in concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

Question 40

Electric Gradient

Answer 40

Difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

Question 41

Electrochemical Gradient

Answer 41

Both concentration gradient and electrical gradient

Question 42

2 Transport Processes

Answer 42

Passive and Active

Question 43

Passive transport processes

Answer 43

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis No ATP/energy required

Question 44

Active transport processes

Answer 44

Primary and secondary transport, Vesicular transport ATP/energy required

Question 45

Diffusion is influenced by

Answer 45

1. Steepness of concentration gradient(like an actual gradient of solvent in solution) 2. Temperature 3. Mass of diffusion substance 4. Surface Area 5. Diffusion distance

Question 46

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 46

Assisted by protein molecules Transmembrane proteins help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move though the lipid layer Processes involves are Channel mediated facilitated diffusion Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

Question 47

Osmosis

Answer 47

The net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 48

Tonicity

Answer 48

how the solution influences the shape of body cells

Question 49

Red Blood Cell in Isotonic Solution

Answer 49

Normal RBC shape

Question 50

Red Blood Cell in Hypotonic Solution

Answer 50

RBC undergoes hemolysis (disintegration of cell)

Question 51

Red Blood Cell in Hypertonic solution

Answer 51

RBC undergoes crenation (cells start to shrivel and form abnormal spikes and notches on the cell membrane)

Question 52

Active Transport: Primary

Answer 52

ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

Question 53

Active Transport: Secondary

Answer 53

Energy stored (in a hydrogen or sodium concentration gradient) is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradients

Question 54

Exocytosis

Answer 54

takes contents from inside the cell and wraps it in a membrane which fuses with the main cell membrane, releasing it without crossing the plasma membrane and sending it off into the extracellular fluid.

Question 55

Endocytosis

Answer 55

allows large molecules into the cell, by first wrapping them into an envelope and bringing them inside the cell.

Question 56

Transcytosis

Answer 56

combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side

Question 57

Phagocytosis

Answer 57

Cell eats

Question 58

Pinocytosis

Answer 58

Cell drinks