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Anatomy 101 > Chapter 2 Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Chemical Reactions

A

Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, Reversible, Oxidation-Reaction

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2
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons and energy release

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3
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons and energy gain

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4
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Lack carbon and are simple molecules

Ex: Water

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5
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Always contain Carbon, Hydrogen, usually contain O, and always have covalent bonds

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6
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

Water is added to break bonds

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7
Q

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

A

Water is removed to make bonds

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8
Q

Thermal Properties of Water

A

High heat capacity and high heat vaporization

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9
Q

Water as a Lubricant

A

Water is a major component of our body fluids and helps reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another

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10
Q

What is a Mixture?

A

A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together

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11
Q

3 Types of Mixtures

A

Solution, Colloid, Suspension

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12
Q

Percentage (mass per volume)

A

Number of grams of a substance per 100 milliliters (mL) of a solution

Ex: to make 10% of NaCl, take 10g of NaCl and add enough water to make a total of 100mL of solution

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13
Q

Molarity (moles)

A

A one molar solution = one mole of a solute in one liter of solution

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14
Q

More Acidity

A

More Hydrogen

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15
Q

More Basic

A

More Hydroxide

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16
Q

Gastric Fluid (Stomach Acid) pH

A

1.2-3

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17
Q

Urine pH

A

4.6-8

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18
Q

Saliva pH

A

6.3-6.8

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19
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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20
Q

Carbon

A

Organic compounds always contain carbon

Carbons can combine in a variety of shapes

Carbon compounds do not dissolve easily in water

Carbon compounds are a good source of energy
(fats/protein/dna)

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21
Q

Amino Molecule

A

Have a positive charge

All amino acids have an amino group at one end of the structure

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22
Q

What is the building block for proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

a major carbohydrate

Glucose (main blood sugar)
Fructose (found in fruit)
Galactose (in milk sugar)
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
24
Q

Disaccharides

A

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

sugar formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

Ex: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (Table Sugar)

25
Q

Polysaccharides

A

formed from tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

Glycogen (stored form of carbohydrates in animals)

Starch (stores form of carbs in plants and main carb in foods)

Cellulose (part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids movement of food through intestines)

26
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored form of carbohydrates in muscles/skeletal muscles/liver

27
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

28
Q

Triglycerides (Fats and Oils)

A

Protection, insulation, energy storage

Ex: fat under the skin

29
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes

Arrange in double layers

30
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol, Bile salts, Adrenocortical hormones, Sex hormones

31
Q

Bile Salts

A

needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

32
Q

Vitamin D

A

helps regulate calcium level in body, needed for bone growth and repair

33
Q

Adrenocortical Hormones

A

Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt/water balance

34
Q

Eicosanoids

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

A

Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction

35
Q

Cholesterol

A

Minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor to bile salts/vitamin D/steroid hormones

Without cholesterol, steroids cannot be synthesized

36
Q

Other lipids

A

Carotenes, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Lipoproteins

37
Q

Carotenes

A

Needed for synthesis of vitamin A, functions as antioxidants

38
Q

Vitamin E

A

Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to normal structure and function of nervous system, and functions as an antioxidants

39
Q

Vitamin K

A

Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

40
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transports lipids in blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from blood

41
Q

Proteins

A

Give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes

42
Q

Structural Proteins

A

Form structural framework of various parts of body

Ex: Collagen in bone, Keratin in skin, hair, fingernails

43
Q

Regulatory Proteins

A

Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters mediate responses of nervous system

44
Q

Contractile Proteins

A

Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement

Ex: Myosin, Actin

45
Q

Immunological Proteins

A

Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens

Ex: Antibodies, interleukins

46
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Carry vital substances throughout the body

Ex: Hemoglobin (transports most oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood)

47
Q

Catalytic Proteins

A

Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions

Ex: Salivary Amylase, Sucrose

48
Q

Amino Acids

A

Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids

49
Q

Enzymes

A

A catalyst in a living cell

Enzymes are highly specific, extremely efficient, subject to cellular controls

50
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Dna - forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities

Rna - guides protein formation

51
Q

Components of a Nucleotide

A

Phosphate, Nitrogenous Bases, Pentose Sugars

52
Q

Nirogenous Bases

A

Pyrimidines-
Cytosine
Thymine
Urasil (only one not in DNA)

Purines-
Adenine
Guanine

53
Q

Pentose Sugars

A

Deoxyribose - in DNA

Ribose - in RNA

54
Q

ATP

A

energy currency

Is the principle energy storing molecule in the body

55
Q

Buffers

A

Weak acids or bases, used to maintain pH

56
Q

Toris Phone

A

619 831 3454

57
Q

Toris License Plate

A

6NAM 451

Anatomy 101 (4 decks)

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