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Anatomy 101 > Chapter 2 Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Chemical Reactions

A

Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, Reversible, Oxidation-Reaction

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2
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons and energy release

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3
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons and energy gain

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4
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Lack carbon and are simple molecules

Ex: Water

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5
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Always contain Carbon, Hydrogen, usually contain O, and always have covalent bonds

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6
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

Water is added to break bonds

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7
Q

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

A

Water is removed to make bonds

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8
Q

Thermal Properties of Water

A

High heat capacity and high heat vaporization

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9
Q

Water as a Lubricant

A

Water is a major component of our body fluids and helps reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another

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10
Q

What is a Mixture?

A

A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together

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11
Q

3 Types of Mixtures

A

Solution, Colloid, Suspension

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12
Q

Percentage (mass per volume)

A

Number of grams of a substance per 100 milliliters (mL) of a solution

Ex: to make 10% of NaCl, take 10g of NaCl and add enough water to make a total of 100mL of solution

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13
Q

Molarity (moles)

A

A one molar solution = one mole of a solute in one liter of solution

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14
Q

More Acidity

A

More Hydrogen

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15
Q

More Basic

A

More Hydroxide

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16
Q

Gastric Fluid (Stomach Acid) pH

A

1.2-3

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17
Q

Urine pH

A

4.6-8

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18
Q

Saliva pH

A

6.3-6.8

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19
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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20
Q

Carbon

A

Organic compounds always contain carbon

Carbons can combine in a variety of shapes

Carbon compounds do not dissolve easily in water

Carbon compounds are a good source of energy
(fats/protein/dna)

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21
Q

Amino Molecule

A

Have a positive charge

All amino acids have an amino group at one end of the structure

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22
Q

What is the building block for proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

a major carbohydrate

Glucose (main blood sugar)
Fructose (found in fruit)
Galactose (in milk sugar)
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
24
Q

Disaccharides

A

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

sugar formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

Ex: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (Table Sugar)

25
Polysaccharides
formed from tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis Glycogen (stored form of carbohydrates in animals) Starch (stores form of carbs in plants and main carb in foods) Cellulose (part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids movement of food through intestines)
26
Glycogen
Stored form of carbohydrates in muscles/skeletal muscles/liver
27
Fatty Acids
Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
28
Triglycerides (Fats and Oils)
Protection, insulation, energy storage | Ex: fat under the skin
29
Phospholipids
Major lipid component of cell membranes | Arrange in double layers
30
Steroids
Cholesterol, Bile salts, Adrenocortical hormones, Sex hormones
31
Bile Salts
needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
32
Vitamin D
helps regulate calcium level in body, needed for bone growth and repair
33
Adrenocortical Hormones
Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt/water balance
34
Eicosanoids | Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction
35
Cholesterol
Minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor to bile salts/vitamin D/steroid hormones Without cholesterol, steroids cannot be synthesized
36
Other lipids
Carotenes, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Lipoproteins
37
Carotenes
Needed for synthesis of vitamin A, functions as antioxidants
38
Vitamin E
Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to normal structure and function of nervous system, and functions as an antioxidants
39
Vitamin K
Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
40
Lipoproteins
Transports lipids in blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from blood
41
Proteins
Give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes
42
Structural Proteins
Form structural framework of various parts of body Ex: Collagen in bone, Keratin in skin, hair, fingernails
43
Regulatory Proteins
Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters mediate responses of nervous system
44
Contractile Proteins
Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement Ex: Myosin, Actin
45
Immunological Proteins
Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens Ex: Antibodies, interleukins
46
Transport Proteins
Carry vital substances throughout the body Ex: Hemoglobin (transports most oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood)
47
Catalytic Proteins
Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions Ex: Salivary Amylase, Sucrose
48
Amino Acids
Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids
49
Enzymes
A catalyst in a living cell Enzymes are highly specific, extremely efficient, subject to cellular controls
50
Nucleic Acids
Dna - forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities Rna - guides protein formation
51
Components of a Nucleotide
Phosphate, Nitrogenous Bases, Pentose Sugars
52
Nirogenous Bases
Pyrimidines- Cytosine Thymine Urasil (only one not in DNA) Purines- Adenine Guanine
53
Pentose Sugars
Deoxyribose - in DNA Ribose - in RNA
54
ATP
energy currency | Is the principle energy storing molecule in the body
55
Buffers
Weak acids or bases, used to maintain pH
56
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619 831 3454
57
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Anatomy 101 (4 decks)

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