Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
study of function
3
Q
Embryology
A
The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
4
Q
Development Biology
A
The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
5
Q
Cell Biology
A
Cellular structure and functions
6
Q
Histology
A
Microscopic structure of tissues
hist- = tissue
7
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Structures that can be examined without a microscope
8
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
9
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
10
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)
11
Q
Imaging Anatomy
A
Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention
12
Q
Pathological Anatomy
A
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease
path- = disease
13
Q
Molecular Physiology
A
Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA
14
Q
Neurophysiology
A
Functional properties of nerve cells
15
Q
Endocrinology
A
Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
16
Q
Cardiovascular Physiology
A
Functions of the heart and blood vessels
17
Q
Immunology
A
The body’s defenses against disease causing agents
18
Q
Respiratory Physiology
A
Functions of the air passageways and lungs
19
Q
Renal Physiology
A
Function of the kidneys
20
Q
Exercise Physiology
A
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
21
Q
Pathophysiology
A
Functional changes associated with disease and aging
22
Q
What are the Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
A
Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, System Level, Organismal Level
23
Q
Integumentary System
A
Components: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, receptors, and oil glands.
Functions: Protects body, Regulates body temperature, eliminates some waste, helps create vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch/pain/warmth, fat is stored under skin and provides insulation
24
Q
Nervous System
A
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body’s internal/external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
25
Skeletal System
Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
26
Endocrine System
Components: Hormone producing glands, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Alongside other hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
Functions:
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from the endocrine gland or tissue to the target organ)
27
Muscular System
Components: Skeletal muscle tissue aka muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissue include smooth and cardiac)
Functions:
Participating in body movements such as walking/maintaining posture, also produces heat
28
Cardiovascular System
Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids. Blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
29
Lymphatic System and Immunity
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that can carry out immune responses like B cells, T cells, and others.
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
30
Respiratory System
Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), alveoli (air sack) and bronchial tubes leading into and out of the lungs.
Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
31
Digestive System
Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
32
Urinary System
Components: Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells
33
Reproductive Systems
Components: Gonads (testes and ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males).
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
34
Basic Life Processes
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
35
Homeostasis
condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
36
What are some potential outcomes of an unchecked unbalanced homeostasis?
When homeostasis is disrupted it may result in disease, disorder, or even death
37
3 Components of Feedback Loops
Receptor, Control Center, Effector
38
Most receptors are...
sensory neurons that monitor changes in controlled conditions
39
How is Homeostasis maintained? (short answer)
balanced with the communication of cells, tissues, and organ systems
40
Explain the process of homeostasis when body temperature gets too low (long answer)
If they body temperature becomes too low, thermoreceptors in the skin will send out signals to the pre-optic area (heat promoting area) of the hypothalamus.
Output signals from the pre-optic area will cause skeletal muscles to contract in a repetitive cycle called shivering, and stimulate the release hormones that increase tissue metabolism.
Blood vessels in the skin receive signals to constrict, decreasing the flow of warm blood near the skins surface, focusing the heat towards the core
41
Hypothalamus is the...
Control center
42
What happens in the control center?
Input from the receptors are sent in and evaluated compared to normal values and if the inputs are irregular, the plans to fix also occur in the control center.
The control center communicates by means of electrical nerve impulses, secretion of hormones, or both.
43
Effectors
Cells of any body structure that receives output from the control center.
Effectors produce a response to adjust the altered condition
44
Negative feedback Loops
most common to maintain homeostasis
They are called negative because they reverse the altered condition
Ex: if a stimulus causes a rise of blood pressure the body would work to lower the bp
45
Positive feedback Loops
less common
Positive feedback loops can only be stopped from a mechanism outside of the system
Ex: Labor and childbirth
46
Anatomical position
standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference
Person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
47
Cephalic
Head
48
Cranial
Skull
49
Facial
Face
50
Frontal
Forehead
51
Temporal
Temple
52
Orbital/Ocular
Eye
53
Otic
Ear
54
Buccal
Cheek
55
Nasal
Nose
56
Oral
Mouth
57
Mental
Chin
58
Cervical
Neck
59
Thoracic
Chest
60
Sternal
Breastbone
61
Mammary
Breast
62
Axillary
Armpit
63
Brachial
Arm
64
Antecubital
Front of Elbow
65
Antebrachial
Forearm
66
Carpal
Wrist
67
Palmar/Volar
Palm
68
Digital/Phalangeal
Fingers/Toes
69
Abdominal
Abdomen
70
Umbilical
Navel (belly button)
71
Coxal
Hip
72
Pelvic
Pelvis
73
Inguinal
Groin
74
Pollex
Thumb
75
Manual
Hand
76
Femoral
Thigh
77
Pubic
Pubis
78
Patellar
Anterior surface of knee
79
Crural
Leg
80
Pedal
Foot
81
Tarsal
Ankle
82
Dorsum
Top of Foot
83
Hallux
Great Toe
84
Occipital
Base of Skull
85
Scapular
Shoulder Blade
86
Vertebral
Spinal Column
87
Olecranal/Cubital
Back of Elbow
88
Sacral
Between Hips
89
Lumbar
Loin
90
Gluteal
Buttock
91
Dorsum
Back of Hand
92
Perineal
Region of Anus and External Genitals
93
Popliteal
Hollow Behind Knee
94
Sural
Calf
95
Plantar
Sole
96
Calcaneal
Heel
97
Upper Limb
Arm
98
Lower Limb
Leg
99
Superior
Toward the head, or the upper part of structure
100
Inferior
Away from the head, or lower part of a structure
101
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
102
Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
103
Medial
Nearer to the midline (imaginary line that separates the body into equal parts)
104
Lateral
Farther from the midline
105
Intermediate
Between two structures
106
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure
107
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
108
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure
109
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to a trunk, farther from the origination of a structure
110
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body
111
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
112
Frontal Plane
Cuts from back to front
113
Parasagittal Plane
Cuts in middle but not equal parts
114
Transverse Plane
Cuts from top to bottom
115
Midsagittal Plane
Cuts from middle in equal parts
116
Oblique Plane
Cuts diagonally
117
Body Cavities
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
118
Cranial Cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain
119
Vertebral Canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
120
Thoracic Cavity
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
121
Pleural Cavity
Potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
122
Pericardial Cavity
Potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
123
Mediastinum
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
124
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
125
Abdominal Cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
126
Pelvic Cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
127
Serous Membranes
Thin, double layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also line the walls of the thorax and the abdomen
128
Visceral Layer
Directly covers the organs
129
Parietal Layer
Lines the walls of the cavity
130
Left upper quadrant (luq)
location of the left portion of the liver, the larger portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine
131
Right upper quadrant (ruq)
contains the right portion of the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of the small intestine
132
Left lower quadrant (llq)
houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left female reproductive organs, and the left ureter
133
Right lower quadrant (rlq)
houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left female reproductive organs, and the left ureter
134
Right Hypochondriac
contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and parts of the small intestine
135
Left Hypochondriac
contains part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the colon
136
Epigastric Region
(above stomach) region contains the majority of the stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands. This region pushes out when the diaphragm contracts during breathing
137
Right Lumbar
consists of the gallbladder, the left kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon
138
Left Lumbar
consists of the descending colon, the left kidney, and part of the spleen
139
Umbilical
contains the umbilicus (navel), and many parts of the small intestine, such as part of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the illeum. It also contains the transverse colon (the section between the ascending and descending colons) and the bottom portions of both the left and right kidney
140
Right Inguinal
contains the appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa
141
Left Inguinal
contains part of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the right illiac fossa
142
Hypogastric Region
(below the stomach) contains the organs around the pubic bone. These include bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system, such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in males
143
Aging and Homeostasis
Aging is a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis
