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HAP > Chapter 3: Cells: The Living Units > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells: The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

a type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided by the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (which moves ‘downhill’ through the transport protein at the same time as another molecule is moved ‘uphill’ against its gradient); also called cotransport or symport (when the two transported molecules move in the same direction) or antiport (when the two transported molecules move in opposite directions)

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2
Q

Codon

A

the three base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis; codes for a given amino acid

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3
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

the development of specific and distinctive features in cell from a single cell (the fertilized egg) to all the specialized cells of adulthood

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4
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

a depiction of the structure of the membranes of a cell as phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are dispersed

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5
Q

Genetic Code

A

refers to the rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures (amino acid sequences)

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6
Q

Ligands

A

signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors

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7
Q

Tight Junction

A

area where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly bound together forming an impermeable barrier

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8
Q

Microvilli

A

tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption

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9
Q

Basal Body

A

an organelle structurally identical to a centriole and forming the base of a cilium or flagellum

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division; consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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11
Q

Hypertrophy

A

growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its cells; differs from hyperplasia (an increase in size due to to increased cell numbers)

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12
Q

Channel

A

a transmembrane protein that forms an aqueous pore allowing substances to move from one side of the membrane to the other

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13
Q

Cytokines

A

small proteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system

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14
Q

Centriole

A

minute body found in pairs near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division

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15
Q

Carrier

A

a transmembrane protein that changes shape to envelop and transport a polar substance across the cell membrane

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16
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

the voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell; typically ranges from -50 to -90 millivolts depending on cell type

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17
Q

Free Radicals

A

highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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18
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

short chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one

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20
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

a solution that has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell; having greater osmotic pressure than the reference solution (blood plasma or interstitial fluid)

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21
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

a measure of the tendency of a solvent to move into a more concentrated solution

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22
Q

Necrosis

A

death or disintegrating of a cell or tissues caused by disease or injury

23
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers; separates the living cells

24
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

pressure of fluid in a system

25
Q

Cytosol

A

viscous semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended

26
Q

Multinucleate Cell

A

cell with more than one nucleus (ex: skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts)

27
Q

Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+) Pump

A

a primary active transport system that simultaneously drives Na+ out of the cell against a steep gradient and lumps K+ back in; also called Na+-K+ ATPase

28
Q

Intron

A

noncoding segment or portion of DNA that ranges from 60 to 100,000 nucleotides long

29
Q

Chromatin

A

strands of DNA (genes) and associated proteins; forms chromosomes when condensed (tightly coiled)

30
Q

Metaphase

A

second stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II

31
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

a solution that is more dilute (containing fewer nonpenetrating solutes) than the reference cell; cells placed in hypotonic solutions pump up rapidly as water diffuses into them

32
Q

Gap Junction

A

a passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons

33
Q

Peroxisomes

A

membranous save in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or toxic substances such as free radicals

34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

engulfing of solids by (phagocytic) cells

35
Q

Transcription

A

the transfer of genetic code of information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule; the first major step in polypeptide synthesis

36
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

internal fluid located outside cells; includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid

37
Q

Chromosomes

A

barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division

38
Q

Phagosome

A

vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis

39
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

the type of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attack to receptors before endocytosis occurs

40
Q

Aquaporins

A

transmembrane proteins that form water channels

41
Q

Carrier

A

a transmembrane protein that changes shape to envelop and transport a polar substance across the cell membrane

42
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

passive transport process used by certain large or charged molecules (ex: glucose, Na*+) that are unable to pass through the plasma membrane unaided; involves movement though channels or movement facilitated by a membrane carrier

43
Q

Anucleate Cell

A

a cell without a nucleus

44
Q

M (Mitotic) Phase

A

one of two major periods in the cell life cycle; involves the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

45
Q

Apoptosis

A

a process of controlled cellular suicide; eliminates the cells that are unneeded, stressed, or aged

46
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

the combined difference in concentration and charge; influenced the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions

47
Q

Prophase

A

the first stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II; the chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and a spindle forms

48
Q

Membrane Receptors

A

a large, diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites for signaling molecules

49
Q

Second Messenger

A

intercellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a receptor protein; mediates intracellular responds to the chemical messenger

50
Q

Exocytosis

A

mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretary vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane

51
Q

Diffusion

A

the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles; driven by kinetic energy

52
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries instructions for building a polypeptide from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasma

52
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries instructions for building a polypeptide from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasma

HAP (4 decks)

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