Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
2
Q
Physiology
A
studies the functions of the body (how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities)
3
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
all the structures (muscles, bones, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body (leg, abdomen, head, etc.) are examined at the same time
4
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
body structure is studied system by system (when studying the cardiovascular system you would examine the heart and blood vessels all throughout the body despite not being near the heart)
5
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (identifying the appropriate blood vessel in which to draw blood)
6
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (examining a tissue sample on a slide under a microscope)
7
Q
Cytology
A
the study of body cells
8
Q
Histology
A
the study of body tissues
9
Q
Developmental Anatomy
A
traces structural changes that occur throughout a lifespan
10
Q
Embryology
A
a subdivision of developmental anatomy that studies the developmental changes that occur before birth
11
Q
Pathological Anatomy
A
studies structural changes caused by disease
12
Q
Radiographic Anatomy
A
studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or special scanning procedures
13
Q
Palpation
A
feeling organs with your hands
14
Q
Auscultation
A
listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
15
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Renal Physiology
A
concerns kidney function and urine production
16
Q
Neurophysiology
A
concerns the workings of the nervous system
17
Q
Cardiovascular Physiology
A
concerns the operation of the heart and blood vessels
18
Q
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form. What is this concept called?
A
The Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
19
Q
Why can bones support and protect body organs?
A
they contain hard mineral deposits
20
Q
Why does blood flow in one direction through the heart?
A
the heart has valves that prevent backflow
21
Q
What is the simplest level of the structural hierarchy?
A
the chemical level
22
Q
Atoms
A
tiny building blocks of matter
23
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Molecules
A
a group of atoms bonded together
24
Q
What happens in the chemical level?
A
atoms combine to form molecules
25
What is the smallest unit of living things?
cells
26
Organelles
specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells
27
Epithelial Tissue
body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body (lines body cavities and hollow organs)
28
What is the major tissue in glands?
Epithelial Tissue
29
Tissues
a group of similar cells that have a common function
30
What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?
Epithelial Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissue, & Nervous Tissue
31
Muscle Tissue
provides movement
32
Connective Tissue
supports and protects body organs
33
Nervous Tissue
provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
34
Organ
a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four types is more common) that performs a specific function for the body
35
What happens at the organ level?
extremely complex functions become possible
36
Organ System
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
37
What are all the organ systems of the body?
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive
38
The immune system is closely associated with system?
the lymphatic system
39
What is the highest level of organization?
the organism (living human being)
40
What is the organismal level?
the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep one alive
41
Endocrine System
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism (nutrient use) by body cells
42
T or F | All body cells are interdependent?
True
43
Respiratory System
takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
44
Cardiovascular System
blood vessels transport blood which distributes oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood
45
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood plasma and cells via what?
via the interstitial fluid
46
Urinary System
eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions
47
Integumentary System
forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands
48
Skeletal System
protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; bones store minerals; blood cells are formed within bones
49
Muscular System
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions; maintains posture; produces heat
50
Nervous System
the fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
51
What are some examples of the Integumentary System?
-hair -skin -nails
52
What are some examples of the Skeletal System?
-bones -joints
53
What are some examples of the Muscular System?
-muscles
54
What are some examples of the Nervous System?
-brain -spinal cord -nerves
55
What are some examples of the Endocrine System?
-pineal gland -pituitary gland -thyroid gland -thymus -adrenal gland -pancreas -ovary -testis
56
What are some examples of the Cardiovascular System?
-heart -blood vessels
57
Lymphatic System (Immunity System)
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
58
Respiratory System
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs)
59
Digestive System
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
60
What are some examples of the Lymphatic System?
-red bone marrow -thymus -lymphatic vessels -thoracic duct -spleen -lymph nodes
61
What are some examples of the Respiratory System?
-nasal cavity -pharynx -larynx -bronchus -lung -trachea
62
What are some examples of the Digestive System?
-oral cavity -esophagus -liver -stomach -small intestine -large intestine -anus -rectum
63
What are some examples of the Urinary System?
-kidney -ureter -urinary bladder -urethra
64
What are some examples of the Male Reproductive System?
-ductus deferens -penis -testis -scrotum -prostate
65
What are some examples of the Female Reproductive System?
-mammary glands (in the breasts) -ovary -uterus -uterine tube -vagina
66
Urinary System
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of foods
67
Male Reproductive System
overall function is production of offspring; testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
68
Female Reproduction System
overall function is production of offspring; ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of a fetus; mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish a newborn
69
Gross Anatomy
the study of anatomy at the visible or macroscopic level (histology, radiography, etc.)
70
Microscopic Anatomy
anatomy so tiny you can’t see it with the naked eye; you can only see it with a microscope
71
What means function?
physiology
72
Chemical Level
atoms; molecules (water, sugar, fats, protein, etc.)
73
Cell Level
smallest living unit; molecules form organelles (nucleus is composed of DNA)
74
Tissue Level
formed from many cells to serve a common function (epithelial, connective)
75
Organ Level
two or more different tissues combined to serve a common function (heart, lung)
76
Organ System
two or more organs working together
77
Organism
a living unit that exhibits boundaries, responsiveness, reproduction, digestion, metabolism and excretion; utilizes organ systems to maintain homeostasis
78
Homeostasis
the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems
79
What are our survival needs?
-nutrients -oxygen -water -normal body temperature -appropriate atmospheric pressure
80
What three things are needed for homeostasis?
-sensors (receptors) -control center (brain, nervous system) -effector (an organ, gland, or muscle that can become active in response to a stimulus)
81
What is a non biological example of homeostasis?
-a thermostat -insulin for diabetics
82
Negative Feedback Loop (Homeostatic Controls)
decreases the deviations from a setpoint; decreases intensity or shuts off original stimulus effect; puts stimulus back in range (ex: heart rate, blood pressure, gas levels in blood, breathing rate)
83
Positive Feedback Loop (Homeostatic Controls)
continues to go away from the range setpoint; continues the initial stimulus response (ex: labor contractions, blood clotting)
84
Right and Left
your patient’s right and left NOT yours
85
Caudal
another word for inferior
86
Cranial (Directional Terminology)
another word for superior
87
Superficial
external
88
Deep
internal
89
Ipsilateral
same side
90
Contralateral
opposite side
91
Bilateral
both side
92
Dorsal Body Cavities
cranial and spinal
93
Ventral (Viscera) Cavities
thoracic and abdominopelvic
94
Serous (Serosa) Membranes
thin double layered membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity
95
Parietal Serosa
lines internal body cavity walls
96
Visceral Serosa
covers internal organs
97
Serous Fluid
the double layers are separated by a slit like cavity filled with this fluid; this fluid can be secreted by both layers
98
Contractility
the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening
99
Responsiveness (Excitability)
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them
100
What must happen for true growth to occur?
constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones
101
What is the major energy fuel for body cells?
carbs
102
What is essential for building cell structures?
proteins and to a lesser extent fats
103
What provides a reserve of energy fuel?
fats
104
What mineral helps make bones hard?
Calcium
105
What mineral is required for blood clotting?
Calcium
106
Nutrients
contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
107
What type of chemical reaction releases energy from foods?
oxidative
108
What percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?
20%
109
Atmospheric Pressure
the force that air exerts on the surface of the body (760 mm Hg at sea level)
110
What temperature should your body heat not drop below?
98.6*F (37*C)
111
What percentage of our body weight does water account for?
50-60%
112
How do we lose water from the body?
evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions
113
T or F | Excessive amounts of oxygen are toxic to body cells?
True
114
T or F | We can live without gravity?
True but the quality of life suffers
115
Who coined the term ‘homeostasis’?
Walter Cannon
116
What is the literal translation of homeostasis?
unchanging
117
Variable
the factor or event being regulated
118
All homeostatic control mechanisms involve at least how many components to work together to regulate the variable?
at least three (receptor, control center, effector)
119
How do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate with the body?
neural electrical impulses or bloodborne hormones
120
Receptor
a sensor that monitors the environment; responds to stimuli (changes) by sending information (input) along the afferent pathway to the second component, the control center
121
Afferent Pathway
a neural pathway that conducts impulses from a sense organ toward the brain or spinal cord or from one brain region to another; approaches the control center
122
What does the control center determine?
the set point (the level at which a variable is to be maintained); analyzed the input it receives by comparing it to the set point and determines the appropriate response; information (output) then flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the third component, the effector
123
Efferent Pathway
a neural pathway that carries impulses away from a particular region of the central nervous system toward an effector; exits the control center
124
Effector
carries out the control center’s response; either reduces the effect of the stimulus so the whole process shuts off or enhances it so the whole process continues at an even faster rate
125
Homeostatic Imbalance
a disease/condition as a result of homeostasis imbalance; with age the efficiency of the negative feedback mechanism declines and this becomes a likely condition
126
Cadaver
corpse
127
Axial Part
head, neck, and trunk (main axis of the body)
128
Appendicular Part
appendages (limbs) (attached to body’s axis)
129
X-Ray
detecting broken bones, finding tumors (mammography), and measuring density of bones (osteoporosis)
130
CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
computerized reconstruction of a series of X ray images; images of bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels
131
DSA Image (Digital Subtraction Angiography)
visualizing blood vessels by X ray or CT scan; requires injection of an X ray absorbing contrast agent; digitally subtracts images from before and after the injection to obtain a very clear image of blood vessels; detects blood vessel abnormalities (blockages)
132
PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
used to monitor the spread of cancers, as a research tool to explore brain function, and sometimes used to diagnose Alzheimer’s
133
MRI
images brain, spinal cord, and nerves to detect abnormalities (tumor); assessing joint, ligament, cartilage, and others soft tissues
134
Ultrasound
monitoring a fetus during pregnancy; diagnosing abdominal or pelvic disorders (gallbladder disease); can detect atherosclerosis (thickening and hardening of the arterial walls) and heart valve disorders
135
Pleurisy
inflammation of the pleurae
136
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneums
137
Hiatal Hernia
when part of the stomach slides though the diaphragm into the the thoracic cavity allowing stomach acid to cause heartburn (which is actually irritation of esophagus not the heart); severe cases require surgical repair
138
Oral and Digestive Cavities
mouth, teeth, and tongue
139
Nasal Cavity
posterior to the nose; part of the respiratory system passageways
140
Orbital Cavities
orbits in the skull house the eyes
141
Middle Ear Cavities
medial to the eardrums; contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
142
Synovial Cavities
joint cavities; enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints of the body (elbow, knee); secretes a lubricating liquid
143
What does the serosae produce?
a thin fluid that lubricates and decreases friction during organ functioning
144
Cross Section
a cut running horizontally from right to left dividing the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts
145
Mediastinum
the medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, thymus, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus
146
Digestion
a series of catabolic steps in which food molecules are broken down by enzymes
147
Excretion
elimination of waste products from the body
148
Visceral Organs (Viscera)
internal organs especially those in the ventral body cavity (anterior torso)
149
Ventral Cavity
anterior torso cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic)
