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HAP > Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

studies the functions of the body (how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities)

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

all the structures (muscles, bones, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body (leg, abdomen, head, etc.) are examined at the same time

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4
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

body structure is studied system by system (when studying the cardiovascular system you would examine the heart and blood vessels all throughout the body despite not being near the heart)

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5
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (identifying the appropriate blood vessel in which to draw blood)

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (examining a tissue sample on a slide under a microscope)

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7
Q

Cytology

A

the study of body cells

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8
Q

Histology

A

the study of body tissues

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9
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

traces structural changes that occur throughout a lifespan

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10
Q

Embryology

A

a subdivision of developmental anatomy that studies the developmental changes that occur before birth

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11
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

studies structural changes caused by disease

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12
Q

Radiographic Anatomy

A

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or special scanning procedures

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13
Q

Palpation

A

feeling organs with your hands

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14
Q

Auscultation

A

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

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15
Q

Renal Physiology

A

concerns kidney function and urine production

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16
Q

Neurophysiology

A

concerns the workings of the nervous system

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17
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

concerns the operation of the heart and blood vessels

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18
Q

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form. What is this concept called?

A

The Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

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19
Q

Why can bones support and protect body organs?

A

they contain hard mineral deposits

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20
Q

Why does blood flow in one direction through the heart?

A

the heart has valves that prevent backflow

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21
Q

What is the simplest level of the structural hierarchy?

A

the chemical level

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22
Q

Atoms

A

tiny building blocks of matter

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23
Q

Molecules

A

a group of atoms bonded together

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24
Q

What happens in the chemical level?

A

atoms combine to form molecules

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25
Q

What is the smallest unit of living things?

A

cells

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26
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells

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27
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body (lines body cavities and hollow organs)

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28
Q

What is the major tissue in glands?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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29
Q

Tissues

A

a group of similar cells that have a common function

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30
Q

What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?

A

Epithelial Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissue, & Nervous Tissue

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31
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

provides movement

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32
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports and protects body organs

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33
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

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34
Q

Organ

A

a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four types is more common) that performs a specific function for the body

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35
Q

What happens at the organ level?

A

extremely complex functions become possible

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36
Q

Organ System

A

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

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37
Q

What are all the organ systems of the body?

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive

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38
Q

The immune system is closely associated with system?

A

the lymphatic system

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39
Q

What is the highest level of organization?

A

the organism (living human being)

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40
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep one alive

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41
Q

Endocrine System

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism (nutrient use) by body cells

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42
Q

T or F | All body cells are interdependent?

A

True

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43
Q

Respiratory System

A

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

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44
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

blood vessels transport blood which distributes oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood

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45
Q

Nutrients and wastes pass between blood plasma and cells via what?

A

via the interstitial fluid

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46
Q

Urinary System

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

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47
Q

Integumentary System

A

forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands

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48
Q

Skeletal System

A

protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; bones store minerals; blood cells are formed within bones

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49
Q

Muscular System

A

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions; maintains posture; produces heat

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50
Q

Nervous System

A

the fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

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51
Q

What are some examples of the Integumentary System?

A

-hair -skin -nails

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52
Q

What are some examples of the Skeletal System?

A

-bones -joints

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53
Q

What are some examples of the Muscular System?

A

-muscles

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54
Q

What are some examples of the Nervous System?

A

-brain -spinal cord -nerves

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55
Q

What are some examples of the Endocrine System?

A

-pineal gland -pituitary gland -thyroid gland -thymus -adrenal gland -pancreas -ovary -testis

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56
Q

What are some examples of the Cardiovascular System?

A

-heart -blood vessels

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57
Q

Lymphatic System (Immunity System)

A

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

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58
Q

Respiratory System

A

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs)

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59
Q

Digestive System

A

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

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60
Q

What are some examples of the Lymphatic System?

A

-red bone marrow -thymus -lymphatic vessels -thoracic duct -spleen -lymph nodes

61
Q

What are some examples of the Respiratory System?

A

-nasal cavity -pharynx -larynx -bronchus -lung -trachea

62
Q

What are some examples of the Digestive System?

A

-oral cavity -esophagus -liver -stomach -small intestine -large intestine -anus -rectum

63
Q

What are some examples of the Urinary System?

A

-kidney -ureter -urinary bladder -urethra

64
Q

What are some examples of the Male Reproductive System?

A

-ductus deferens -penis -testis -scrotum -prostate

65
Q

What are some examples of the Female Reproductive System?

A

-mammary glands (in the breasts) -ovary -uterus -uterine tube -vagina

66
Q

Urinary System

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of foods

67
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

overall function is production of offspring; testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

68
Q

Female Reproduction System

A

overall function is production of offspring; ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of a fetus; mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish a newborn

69
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

the study of anatomy at the visible or macroscopic level (histology, radiography, etc.)

70
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

anatomy so tiny you can’t see it with the naked eye; you can only see it with a microscope

71
Q

What means function?

A

physiology

72
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms; molecules (water, sugar, fats, protein, etc.)

73
Q

Cell Level

A

smallest living unit; molecules form organelles (nucleus is composed of DNA)

74
Q

Tissue Level

A

formed from many cells to serve a common function (epithelial, connective)

75
Q

Organ Level

A

two or more different tissues combined to serve a common function (heart, lung)

76
Q

Organ System

A

two or more organs working together

77
Q

Organism

A

a living unit that exhibits boundaries, responsiveness, reproduction, digestion, metabolism and excretion; utilizes organ systems to maintain homeostasis

78
Q

Homeostasis

A

the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems

79
Q

What are our survival needs?

A

-nutrients -oxygen -water -normal body temperature -appropriate atmospheric pressure

80
Q

What three things are needed for homeostasis?

A

-sensors (receptors) -control center (brain, nervous system) -effector (an organ, gland, or muscle that can become active in response to a stimulus)

81
Q

What is a non biological example of homeostasis?

A

-a thermostat -insulin for diabetics

82
Q

Negative Feedback Loop (Homeostatic Controls)

A

decreases the deviations from a setpoint; decreases intensity or shuts off original stimulus effect; puts stimulus back in range (ex: heart rate, blood pressure, gas levels in blood, breathing rate)

83
Q

Positive Feedback Loop (Homeostatic Controls)

A

continues to go away from the range setpoint; continues the initial stimulus response (ex: labor contractions, blood clotting)

84
Q

Right and Left

A

your patient’s right and left NOT yours

85
Q

Caudal

A

another word for inferior

86
Q

Cranial (Directional Terminology)

A

another word for superior

87
Q

Superficial

A

external

88
Q

Deep

A

internal

89
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

90
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

91
Q

Bilateral

A

both side

92
Q

Dorsal Body Cavities

A

cranial and spinal

93
Q

Ventral (Viscera) Cavities

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic

94
Q

Serous (Serosa) Membranes

A

thin double layered membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity

95
Q

Parietal Serosa

A

lines internal body cavity walls

96
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

covers internal organs

97
Q

Serous Fluid

A

the double layers are separated by a slit like cavity filled with this fluid; this fluid can be secreted by both layers

98
Q

Contractility

A

the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

99
Q

Responsiveness (Excitability)

A

the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them

100
Q

What must happen for true growth to occur?

A

constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones

101
Q

What is the major energy fuel for body cells?

A

carbs

102
Q

What is essential for building cell structures?

A

proteins and to a lesser extent fats

103
Q

What provides a reserve of energy fuel?

A

fats

104
Q

What mineral helps make bones hard?

A

Calcium

105
Q

What mineral is required for blood clotting?

A

Calcium

106
Q

Nutrients

A

contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building

107
Q

What type of chemical reaction releases energy from foods?

A

oxidative

108
Q

What percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen?

A

20%

109
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

the force that air exerts on the surface of the body (760 mm Hg at sea level)

110
Q

What temperature should your body heat not drop below?

A

98.6F (37C)

111
Q

What percentage of our body weight does water account for?

A

50-60%

112
Q

How do we lose water from the body?

A

evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions

113
Q

T or F | Excessive amounts of oxygen are toxic to body cells?

A

True

114
Q

T or F | We can live without gravity?

A

True but the quality of life suffers

115
Q

Who coined the term ‘homeostasis’?

A

Walter Cannon

116
Q

What is the literal translation of homeostasis?

A

unchanging

117
Q

Variable

A

the factor or event being regulated

118
Q

All homeostatic control mechanisms involve at least how many components to work together to regulate the variable?

A

at least three (receptor, control center, effector)

119
Q

How do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate with the body?

A

neural electrical impulses or bloodborne hormones

120
Q

Receptor

A

a sensor that monitors the environment; responds to stimuli (changes) by sending information (input) along the afferent pathway to the second component, the control center

121
Q

Afferent Pathway

A

a neural pathway that conducts impulses from a sense organ toward the brain or spinal cord or from one brain region to another; approaches the control center

122
Q

What does the control center determine?

A

the set point (the level at which a variable is to be maintained); analyzed the input it receives by comparing it to the set point and determines the appropriate response; information (output) then flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the third component, the effector

123
Q

Efferent Pathway

A

a neural pathway that carries impulses away from a particular region of the central nervous system toward an effector; exits the control center

124
Q

Effector

A

carries out the control center’s response; either reduces the effect of the stimulus so the whole process shuts off or enhances it so the whole process continues at an even faster rate

125
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

a disease/condition as a result of homeostasis imbalance; with age the efficiency of the negative feedback mechanism declines and this becomes a likely condition

126
Q

Cadaver

A

corpse

127
Q

Axial Part

A

head, neck, and trunk (main axis of the body)

128
Q

Appendicular Part

A

appendages (limbs) (attached to body’s axis)

129
Q

X-Ray

A

detecting broken bones, finding tumors (mammography), and measuring density of bones (osteoporosis)

130
Q

CT Scan (Computed Tomography)

A

computerized reconstruction of a series of X ray images; images of bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels

131
Q

DSA Image (Digital Subtraction Angiography)

A

visualizing blood vessels by X ray or CT scan; requires injection of an X ray absorbing contrast agent; digitally subtracts images from before and after the injection to obtain a very clear image of blood vessels; detects blood vessel abnormalities (blockages)

132
Q

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

A

used to monitor the spread of cancers, as a research tool to explore brain function, and sometimes used to diagnose Alzheimer’s

133
Q

MRI

A

images brain, spinal cord, and nerves to detect abnormalities (tumor); assessing joint, ligament, cartilage, and others soft tissues

134
Q

Ultrasound

A

monitoring a fetus during pregnancy; diagnosing abdominal or pelvic disorders (gallbladder disease); can detect atherosclerosis (thickening and hardening of the arterial walls) and heart valve disorders

135
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleurae

136
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneums

137
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

when part of the stomach slides though the diaphragm into the the thoracic cavity allowing stomach acid to cause heartburn (which is actually irritation of esophagus not the heart); severe cases require surgical repair

138
Q

Oral and Digestive Cavities

A

mouth, teeth, and tongue

139
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

posterior to the nose; part of the respiratory system passageways

140
Q

Orbital Cavities

A

orbits in the skull house the eyes

141
Q

Middle Ear Cavities

A

medial to the eardrums; contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears

142
Q

Synovial Cavities

A

joint cavities; enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely moveable joints of the body (elbow, knee); secretes a lubricating liquid

143
Q

What does the serosae produce?

A

a thin fluid that lubricates and decreases friction during organ functioning

144
Q

Cross Section

A

a cut running horizontally from right to left dividing the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts

145
Q

Mediastinum

A

the medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, thymus, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus

146
Q

Digestion

A

a series of catabolic steps in which food molecules are broken down by enzymes

147
Q

Excretion

A

elimination of waste products from the body

148
Q

Visceral Organs (Viscera)

A

internal organs especially those in the ventral body cavity (anterior torso)

149
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

anterior torso cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic)

HAP (4 decks)

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