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HAP > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What determines whether something is a gas, liquid, or solid?

A

how far apart the molecules are

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2
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

Weight is mass + what?

A

mass + the effects of gravity

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4
Q

What is the human body made of?

A

96% : oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
4%: sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc

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5
Q

Solid

A

molecules close together; definite shape and volume

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6
Q

Liquid

A

molecules somewhat close together; changeable shape; definite volume

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7
Q

Gas

A

molecules far apart from each other; changeable shape; changeable volume

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8
Q

Energy

A

capacity for work; the ability to put matter into motion; doesn’t have mass; doesn’t take up space; converted from one state to another so it’s in a dynamic state

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9
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy in action; moving (the water flowing when a dam is opened)

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10
Q

Potential Energy

A

inactive energy; stored (the water at the top of a dam)

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11
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy is transformed from one form into another

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12
Q

What is an example of chemical energy?

A

-fuel -oil burner

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13
Q

What is an example of electrical energy?

A

-power lines

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14
Q

What is an example of mechanical energy?

A

-dam

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15
Q

What is an example of radiant/electromagnetic energy?

A

-solar (sunlight)

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16
Q

Chemical Energy

A

stored in bonds of chemical substances

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17
Q

Electrical Energy

A

results from movement of charged particles

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18
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

directly involved in moving matter

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19
Q

Radiant/Electromagnetic Energy

A

travels in waves (ex: heat, x ray, ultraviolet light, visible light)

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20
Q

Inefficient Energy

A

some energy is lost as ‘heat’ which can be partly unusable energy

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21
Q

Electron

A

negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atom’s nucleus

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22
Q

Double Helix

A

the secondary structure assumed by two strands of DNA held together throughout their length by hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite stands

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23
Q

Exchange (Displacement) Reaction

A

bonds are both made and broken; chemical reactions in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms are combined with different atoms; AB + C -> AC + B

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24
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A

nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U; carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis

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25
Q

Proton Donor

A

a substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid

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26
Q

Polar Molecules

A

electrically asymmetric molecules

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27
Q

Chemical Bond

A

an energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons

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28
Q

Guanine (G)

A

one of two major purines occurring in all nucleic acids

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29
Q

Ionic Bond

A

forms when atoms are held together by the attraction between opposite charges; chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms

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30
Q

Lipid

A

hydrophobic organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (ex: fats and cholesterol)

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31
Q

Polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids

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32
Q

Compound

A

substance composed of two or more different elements; the atoms of which are chemically united

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33
Q

Amino Acid

A

organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein

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34
Q

Peptide Bond

A

bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule

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35
Q

Macromolecules

A

large complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 subunits

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36
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

chemical reaction that absorbs energy (an anabolic reaction)

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37
Q

Oxidation

A

process of substances combining with oxygen or the removal of hydrogen

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38
Q

Monosaccharide

A

literally one sugar; building block of carbs; glucose

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39
Q

Proton Acceptor

A

a substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; commonly referred to as a base

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40
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA

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41
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together

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42
Q

Phospholipid

A

modified lipid; contains phosphorus

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43
Q

Suspension

A

heterogenous; mixture with large often visible solutes that tend to settle out

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44
Q

Carbohydrate (Carbs)

A

organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, and cellulose; major source of quick cellular fuel; structural molecules (ex: ribose sugar in RNA)

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45
Q

Dipole

A

nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms

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46
Q

Active Site

A

region on the surface of a function (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge

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47
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

chemical substances that do not contain carbon, inclining water, salts, and many acids and bases

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48
Q

Element

A

one of a limited number of unique varieties of matter than composes substances of all kinds (ex: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

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49
Q

Electrolyte

A

chemical substances such as salts, acids, and bases that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current

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50
Q

Fatty Acids

A

linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end; a constituent of fat

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51
Q

Protein

A

organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types include enzymes, structural components; 10-30% of cell mass

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52
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product

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53
Q

Colloid

A

heterogenous; a mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily; substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein

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54
Q

Solute

A

the substance that is dissolved in a solution; smaller amount

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55
Q

Solution

A

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; may exist in any phase

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56
Q

Organic Compound

A

any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds (ex: protein, fats, and carbs); unique to living organism

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57
Q

Atomic Number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom or the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom

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58
Q

Nucleotide

A

building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group

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59
Q

Neutron

A

uncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus

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60
Q

Base

A

a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor

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61
Q

Steroids

A

interlocking four ring structure; a class of lipids derived from (and including) cholesterol; act as hormones and as constituents of phospholipid bilateral membranes; cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones; and bile salts -> hydrophobic (can go though hydrophobic cell membrane)

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62
Q

Constituent

A

any element, compound or mixture with its own specific name or identity, such as a CAS Number

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63
Q

CAS Number

A

a CAS Registry Number, also referred to as CAS RN or informally as a CAS Number, is a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service to every chemical substance described in open scientific literature

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64
Q

Atomic Weight

A

the average of the mass numbers of all isotopes of an element

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65
Q

Isotope

A

members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons; the heavier species tend to be radioactive

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66
Q

Coenzyme

A

nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme; typically a vitamin

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67
Q

Avogadro’s Number

A

the numbers of molecules in one mole of any substance (6.03 • 10’*23)

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68
Q

Chemical Equilibrium

A

a state of apparent repose (state of rest, sleep) created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed

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69
Q

pH Unit

A

the measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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70
Q

Cation

A

an ion with a positive charge; have lost one or more electron

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71
Q

Thymine (T)

A

single ring base (a pyrimidine) in DNA

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72
Q

Pyrimidine

A

pyrimidine is one of two classes of heterocyclic nitrogenous bases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; in DNA the pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine; in RNA uracil replaces thymine

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73
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; organic molecule that stored and releases chemical energy for use in body cells; … a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue

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74
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood; also called carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

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75
Q

Polysaccharide

A

literally many sugars; a polymer of linked monosaccharides (starch, glycogen)

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76
Q

Polymer

A

any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers

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77
Q

Monomer

A

a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization

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78
Q

Polymerization

A

the process to create polymers; smaller molecules, called monomers or building blocks, are chemically combined to create larger molecules or a macromolecule

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79
Q

Reactant

A

a substance that is an input to a chemical reaction

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80
Q

Hydrophilic

A

refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles

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81
Q

Disaccharide

A

literally double sugar (sucrose, lactose)

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82
Q

Hydroxyl Ion (OH-)

A

an ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common inorganic base) is dissolved in water

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83
Q

Mass Number (Atomic Mass)

A

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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84
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

emitted photons (wave packets) of energy (X ray, light, infrared)

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85
Q

Photons

A

a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation

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86
Q

Atomic Symbol

A

the one or two letter symbol used to indicate an element; usually the first letter(s) of the element’s name

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87
Q

Alpha (a)-Helix

A

the most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles a coiled spring

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88
Q

Valence Shell

A

outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons

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89
Q

Activation Energy

A

the amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action

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90
Q

Covalent Bond

A

done to satisfy the octet rule; chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms; sharing; not giving away; allows each atom to fill its valence shell at least part of the time

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91
Q

Electron Shells (Energy Levels)

A

regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom; the atom’s electrons are most likely to be found in these regions

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92
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

a nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism’s hereditary information

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93
Q

Uracil (U)

A

a smaller single ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA

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94
Q

Acid

A

a substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution; a proton donor

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95
Q

Base

A

a molecule in an aqueous solution that can accept protons or donate electrons

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96
Q

Adenine (A)

A

one of the two major purines found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body such as ATP

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97
Q

Nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group

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98
Q

Purine

A

a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings fused together; it is water soluble

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99
Q

Nucleus

A

control center of a cell; contains genetic material; clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (central nervous system); center of an atom; contains protons and neurons

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100
Q

Neuron

A

information messengers; use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between different areas of the brain, and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system

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101
Q

Proton

A

( + ) a positively charged elementary particle that is a fundamental constituent of all atomic nuclei; located in the atomic nucleus

102
Q

Buffer

A

chemical substance or system that minimized changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions

103
Q

Ion

A

any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges

104
Q

Hydrophobic

A

refers to molecules or protons of molecules that interact only with nonpolar molecules

105
Q

Synthesis (Combination) Reaction

A

anabolic; a chemical reaction in which larger more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones; endothermic (takes in heat)

106
Q

Anion

A

an ion with a negative charge; have gained one or more electron

107
Q

Hydrolysis

A

process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller parts

108
Q

Neutralization Reaction

A

displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt

109
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction

110
Q

Substrate

A

a reactant in which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed

111
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

chemical reaction that releases energy (catabolic or oxidative reaction)

112
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

catabolic; chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or it’s constituent atoms; exergonic (releases energy); exothermic (giving off heat); reverse of synthesis reaction; AB -> A + B

113
Q

Sol-gel Transformation

A

reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state

114
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down

115
Q

Glycerol

A

a modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats

116
Q

Complement

A

a group of bloodborne proteins which when activated enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis

117
Q

Lysis

A

the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity

118
Q

Lysate

A

a fluid containing the contents of lysed cells

119
Q

Complementary Base

A

refers to how a given nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA bonds to another nitrogenous base; the result is base pairing (ex: adenine (A) is the complementary base of thymine (T))

120
Q

Mole

A

a mole of an element or compound is equal to its atomic weight or its molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) measured in grams

121
Q

Polymer

A

a substance of high molecular weight with long chainlike molecules consisting of many similar (repeated) units

122
Q

Nonpolar Molecules

A

electrically symmetrical molecules

123
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits properties of that element; composed of protons, neurons, and electrons

124
Q

Apoenzyme

A

the protein portion of an enzyme

125
Q

Radioisotope

A

isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior; spontaneously decays to more stable forms; damages living tissues

126
Q

Molarity

A

a way to express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution

127
Q

Hydrogen Ion (H+)

A

a hydrogen atom minus its electron and therefore carrying a positive charge (a proton)

128
Q

Octet Rule (Rule of Eights)

A

the tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell

129
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

nitrogen containing base that is part of a nucleotide structure

130
Q

Triglycerides

A

fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are the body’s most concentrated source of energy fuel

131
Q

Ammonia (NH,3)

A

common ways product of protein breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas that is very soluble in water and capable of acting as a weak base; a proton acceptor

132
Q

Isomer

A

one of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently

133
Q

Cofactor

A

metal ions or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity

134
Q

Elements

A

substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

135
Q

All matter is composed of what?

A

elements

136
Q

What elements make up 96% of the human body?

A

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N)

137
Q

What elements make up 3.9% of the human body?

A

Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Iodine (I), and Iron (Fe)

138
Q

What elements make up less than 0.01% of the human body?

A

parts of enzymes (Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn))

139
Q

What is the top left of an atomic symbol?

A

mass number; number of protons and neutrons

140
Q

Proton

A

carry a positive charge; weigh 1 atomic mass unit (1 amu)

141
Q

Neutron

A

have no electrical charge; weigh 1 amu

142
Q

Electron

A

( - ) carry a negative charge; weigh 0 amu

143
Q

The nucleus consists of what?

A

neutrons and protons

144
Q

What orbits the nucleus?

A

elctrons

145
Q

Atoms of different elements contain different numbers of what?

A

subatomic particles

146
Q

What is the bottom left of an atomic symbol?

A

atomic number (number of protons)

147
Q

What is one reason an element can be unstable?

A

when the protons and neutrons in the nucleus is not balanced

148
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms bonded together

149
Q

Compound

A

two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

150
Q

Each circle around the nucleus is called a what?

A

a shell

151
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

energy relationships between two electrons of reacting atoms

152
Q

How many shells can an electron occupy?

A

up to seven

153
Q

How many electrons can the first three shells hold each?

A

Shell 1: only 2 electrons (or just 1)
Shell 2: a maximum of 8 electrons
Shell 3: a maximum of 18 electrons

154
Q

Chemically Inert Elements

A

‘noble gases’; stable and unreactive; outermost shell (energy level) full occupied or contains 8 electrons; all elements on the right hand side of the periodic table

155
Q

Chemically Reactive Elements

A

outermost energy level not fully occupied by electrons (most potential energy); tend to gain, lose, or share electrons (form bonds) with other atoms to achieve stability

156
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

attractions due to slight charges on atoms; attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule; also act as intramolecular bonds holding a large molecule in a three dimensional shape

157
Q

Ions

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become charged; number of protons does not equal number of electrons

158
Q

Attraction of opposite charges results in what?

A

an ionic bond

159
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

formed by transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms; not sharing; giving them away

160
Q

What do ionic compounds form instead of individual molecules?

A

crystals

161
Q

Double Bond

A

sharing more than one electron

162
Q

Triple Bond

A

sharing three electrons

163
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

equal sharing produces electrically balanced nonpolar molecules

164
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

unequal sharing by atoms with different electron attracting abilities produces polar molecules

165
Q

Net Charge

A

the total after taking account of both positive and negative charges; example: if something contains 321 positive charges and 319 negative charges, the net charge is 321 - 319 = +2.; example: if it contains 37 positive charges and 42 negative charges, the net charge is 37 - 42 = -5.

166
Q

T or F | Most matter exists as a mixture?

A

True

167
Q

What is the particle size of a solution?

A

small

168
Q

What is the particle size of a colloidal solution?

A

medium

169
Q

What is the particle size of a suspension?

A

large

170
Q

Homogenous Mixture

A

all of one solute in a solvent; usually transparent (air, seawater)

171
Q

Solvent

A

what you put the solute in; greatest amount; usually a liquid

172
Q

Heterogenous Mixture

A

mixture with different things in it; large particles that do not mix in all the way (do not settle out)

173
Q

T or F | All chemical reaction are reversible?

A

True theoretically

174
Q

Chemical Equilibrium

A

when neither a forward or reverse reaction is dominant

175
Q

T or F | Biological reactions are irreversible?

A

True for most due to energy requirements and removal of products

176
Q

What is the product in this: A + B -> AB

A

AB

177
Q

Synthesis Reactions (Anabolic) always involve what formation?

A

bond formation

178
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

products contain more potential energy than did reactants; synthesis reaction (anabolic)

179
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

releases energy

180
Q

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

A

decomposition reactions; reactions in which fuel is broken down for energy; also called exchange reactions because electrons are exchanged or shared differently

181
Q

Reducing Agent

A

electron donor

182
Q

Electron Donors

A

lose electrons and are oxidized

183
Q

Electron Acceptors

A

receiver electrons and become reduced; reduced means more negative

184
Q

What influences the rate of chemical reactions?

A

-increase temperate -particle size decreases -increase the concentration of the reactant -catalysts (ex: enzymes) (won’t be changed themselves)

185
Q

What is a biological catalyst?

A

enzymes

186
Q

What does ‘Enzymes are very specific.’ mean?

A

they only work with the molecules they are designed for; being specific helps speed up the bonding

187
Q

What atom doesn’t have 8 electrons in the outer shell?

A

Hydrogen

188
Q

How many electrons in the atom’s shell to be chemically stable?

A

8 electrons

189
Q

Macromolecules

A

a very large molecule important to biophysical processes (carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acid)

190
Q

Monomer

A

building block

191
Q

Polymer

A

chains of similar units; chains of monomers

192
Q

Water

A

most important inorganic compound; 60-80% of the volume of living cells

193
Q

Properties of Water

A

-high heat capacity; absorbs and releases heat with little temperature change; prevents sudden changes in temperature

-high heat of vaporization; evaporation requires large amounts of heat; useful cooling mechanism

-polar solvent properties; dissolves and disassociate ionic substances; forms hydration layers around large charged molecules (ex: protein) (colloid formation); body’s major transport medium

-reactivity; a necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions; breaks down polymers into monomers

-cushioning; protects certain organs from trauma (ex: cerebrospinal fluid)

194
Q

T or F | Water is polar?

A

True

195
Q

Salts

A

ionic compounds that dissociate in water; ions (electrolytes) conduct electrical currents in solutions; ions play specialized roles in body functions (ex: sodium Na+, potassium K+, calcium Ca2+, iron Fe2+)

196
Q

pH

A

amount of hydrogen ions; acids are protons (hydrogen ions) donors (release H*+ in solution)

197
Q

What do the brackets mean?

A

concentration

198
Q

Acidic solutions have a higher concentration of what?

A

hydrogen

199
Q

Anything below what on the pH scale is acidic?

A

below 7

200
Q

A decrease in pH is an increase in what?

A

hydrogen

201
Q

T or F | If there is a high level of hydrogen, we have a more acidic solution and a lower pH?

A

True

202
Q

T or F | Bases are proton acceptor?

A

True

203
Q

Neutral Solution

A

hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions are about the same

204
Q

What is the pH range 7.01-14?

A

basic (not acidic)

205
Q

What is human blood pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

206
Q

T or F | A slight change in pH can be fatal to humans?

A

True

207
Q

What is pH regulated by?

A

kidneys, lungs, and buffers

208
Q

Buffers

A

mixture of compounds that resist pH changes

209
Q

What are two important pH bases in the body?

A

bicarbonate ion (HCO_3-) and ammonia (NH_3)

210
Q

What makes up polymers?

A

monomers

211
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

212
Q

Hydrolysis

A

monomers are releases by the addition of water molecule adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

213
Q

What is the monomer of protein?

A

amino acids

214
Q

What is the monomer of carbs?

A

monosaccharides

215
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

glycerol and fatty acid (many do not believe lipids have true monomers)

216
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

A

nucleotides

217
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches; contains CHO (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen); CH_2O

218
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars contains three to seven C atoms

219
Q

Disaccharides

A

double sugar; too large to pass through cell membranes

220
Q

Polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen; not very soluble; long branching chains (polymers) of linked monosaccharides

221
Q

Lipids

A

CHO (less oxygen than carbs); sometimes P as well; insoluble in water (hydrophobic); long term energy storage; steroids

222
Q

Triglycerides

A

neutral fats; solid fats and liquid oils; composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule; energy storage, insulation, and protection

223
Q

Fatty Acids

A

-saturated fatty acids: single bonds between C atoms; maximum number of H; solid animal fats (butter)

-unsaturated fatty acids: one or more double bonds between C atoms; reduced number of H atoms; plant oil (olive oil)

-trans fat: chemically altered; elevates bad cholesterol; extends shelf life of foods

224
Q

Phospholipids

A

modified triglycerides: glycerol with two fatty acids and phosphorus (P-) containing group; hydrophilic head and hydrophilic tail regions (looks like a jellyfish) (the tails touch and the head is on top; this head is the cell membrane); main component of plasma membrane

225
Q

Eicosanoids

A

many different ones; derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell membranes (ex: prostaglandins, thromboxanes)

226
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

-vitamin B group -vitamin C

227
Q

Fat Soluble (Hydrophobic) Vitamins

A

-vitamin A -vitamin D -vitamin E -vitamin K; need the help of lipoproteins to get transported

228
Q

Lipoproteins

A

a lipid; transports fats in the blood

229
Q

Proteins

A

monomer is amino acids; 20 types of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds; CHON sometimes S and P;

230
Q

Dipeptide

A

two peptides

231
Q

How to break a peptide into its amino components?

A

add water

232
Q

Glycine

A

the smallest amino acid

233
Q

Aspartic Acid

A

an acidic amino acid; has an acid group (—COOH) in the R group

234
Q

Lysine

A

a basic amino acid; has an amine group (—NH_2) in the R group

235
Q

Cysteine

A

a basic amino acid; has a sulfhydryl (—SH) group in the R group which suggest this amino acid is likely to participate in intramolecular bonding

236
Q

What is the order of protein structures?

A

Primary -> Secondary -> Tertiary -> Quarternary

237
Q

Protein Primary Structure

A

the sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain

238
Q

Protein Secondary Structure

A

the primary chain forms spirals and sheets

239
Q

Protein Tertiary Structure

A

superimposed on secondary structure; sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds

240
Q

Protein Quaternary Structure

A

two or more polypeptide chains each with its own tertiary structure combine to form a functional protein

241
Q

Helix

A

a spiral structure in a macromolecule that contains a repeating pattern

242
Q

Fibrous (Structural Protein)

A

strandlike, water insoluble, and stable (ex: keratin, collagen)

243
Q

Globular (Functional) Protein

A

compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes; specific functional regions called active sites; (ex: antibodies, hormones, enzymes)

244
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

shape change and disruption of active sites due to environment changes (decreased pH, increased temperature); usually reversible but not always

245
Q

Enzymes

A

made of proteins; lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction (millions of reactions per minute); usually end is -ase

246
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

monomer is nucleotide; composed of N containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group; largest molecule in the body; recipe for who we are

247
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus; four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T); provides instructions for protein synthesis; replicated before cell division ensuring genetic continuity

248
Q

RNA

A

single stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus; four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U); three varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)

249
Q

ATP

A

high energy phosphate bonds used in energy exchange; phosphates are transferred to energize other molecules; three phosphate groups (adenine, ribose, phosphate groups)

250
Q

Polynucleotides

A

strands of DNA and RNA

251
Q

Genes

A

portions of DNA

HAP (4 decks)

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