Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Chapter 3: Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Major Parts of a cell?

A
  1. Plasma/cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plasma/cell membrane

A

Phospholipids bilateral membrane that delineates exterior and interior of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid inside cell; contains organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA and controls cell’s activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phospholipids bilateral interspersed with:

A

Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of proteins in plasma membrane

A

Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Integral proteins

A

Embedded within bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Loosely associated with bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with sugars attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions of Membrane Proteins

A

Barrier from external environment of cell

Transport proteins control flow of material in/out of cell through selective permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Receptor proteins and enzymes

A

Are important in intercellular signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

External glycoproteins (antigens)

A

Allow for cell to be recognized by immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytoplasm is where

A

Area between plasma membrane and nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytosol

A

Water and dissolved ions, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, ATP, gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane-bound compartments

Have specialized functions to maintain cell homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal structured framework of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Network of protein elements for cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Centrosomes are located where?

A

By the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Centrosomes contain what?

A

Pair of centrioles

Pericentriolar material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Centrioles

A

Hollow cylinders made of 9 sets of 3 microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Centrioles form?

A

mitotic spindle during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pericentriolar material

A

Build microtubules in non-dividing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cilia are formed from?

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hair-like projections of plasma membrane

Sweep material across cell surface

Coordinated movements with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is flagella formed?

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Flagella

A

Longer, whip-like structure

For cell locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sperm cell for flagella

A

Sperm cell is only flagellated cell in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are ribosomes made from?

A

RNA and proteins in nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

Protein manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Locations of Ribosomes in cell

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Free floating cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ribosomes

A

Has a large subunit and small subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Large membrane system that extends from outer nuclear membrane through cytoplasm

Makes up half of membranes within cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 2 Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Extends from nuclear envelope and is studded with ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Proteins made here and inserted into RER membrane will…

A

Form plasma membrane or organelle membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Proteins made here and inserted through RER into lumen will…

A

Be secreted out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Extends from RER

No Ribosomes on surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does SER Manufacture

A

fatty acids

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does SER Detoxify

A

harmful substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does SER serve as?

A

Storage site for ionized calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Array of 3-20 flat membrane sacs/cisterns

Proteins are processed and sorted to travel to plasma membrane or other organelles

Transfer vesicles containing proteins bud off ends of complex to go to destination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Digestive Organelle: Lysomes

A

Break down material ingested by cell from extra cellular environment

Fuse with vehicle or organelle, digest it, and release remnants back into cytosol for recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Membrane

A

Enclosed vesicles that contain acidic, digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Mitochondria

A

Kidney bean shaped organelle

Generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does Mitochondria contain?

A

Own DNA and Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the Double membrane for Mitochondria?

A

Cristae

Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cristae

A

Inner membrane that has folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Matrix

A

Fluid compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Genetic material (chromatin or Chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that encloses nucleus

Nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Control movement of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Nucleolus

A

Large round structure of DNA, RNA, and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does the Nucleolus Manufacture?

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Genetic Material (chromatin and chromosomes)

A

Controls cell structure

Directs cell activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Important Cell Processes

A
  1. Transporting substances
  2. Protein Synthesis (Transcription and Translation)
  3. Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Transporting Substances: fluid compartments important to cell function:

A

Intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Lymph
Cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Plasma

A

Within a blood vessel

60
Q

Lymph

A

Within a lymphatic vessel

61
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

surrounding brain and spinal cord

62
Q

Solute

A

Substance dissolved within a fluid/gas

63
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving fluid/gas

64
Q

Concentration

A

Around of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent

65
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas

66
Q

Diffusion

A

Solute move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Movement down a concentration gradient

Solute are ions, sugars, fatty acids, gases

Internal Kinetic energy drives it

Passive Process

67
Q

Facilitated Diffusion/Transport

A

Diffusion aided by transport protein

Substance is larger than space between lipids in membrane

Solute still movie down concentration gradient

Passive process

68
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Solute cannot travel down their concentration gradient

Water must travel down its concentration gradient instead
- from more dilute area to more concentrated area of solute

69
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Solute concentration same inside and outside cell

70
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Extracellular solute concentration is less than inside cell

71
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Extracellular solute concentration is more than inside cell

72
Q

Active Transport

A

Move substances across membrane against concentration gradient

Requires energy

73
Q

3 transport mechanisms of active transport

A

Pumps
Exchangers
Electrically coupled transporters

74
Q

Endocytosis

A

Ingesting large substances by membrane engulfing material into cell inside of a vesicles

Vesicles formed by unfolding of plasma membrane around substance

75
Q

The 3 types of endocytosis are…

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

76
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell brings in large particles such as bacteria, viruses, dead cells

77
Q

Plasma membrane forms ____________ that enclose material to form ______________.

A

Pseudopods

Phagosome

78
Q

Phagosome

A

Then fuses with lysosomes

79
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell brings in droplets of extracellular fluid and dissolved particles through small vesicles

Vesicles fuse with lysosomes and release their contents

80
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Cell uses receptors to bring in specific molecules in vesicles

Vesicles will fuse with lysosomes and molecule-receptor complex will be broken down

New receptors are made and packaged into vesicles that will merge with plasma membrane

81
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transporting substances out of cell

Vesicles that bud off of Golgi complex carry proteins or other secretory substances

Merge with plasma membrane and release their contents to exterior of cell

82
Q

Protein Synethesis

A

Transcription

Translation

83
Q

Transcription

A

Instructions for creating protein conveyed from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)

84
Q

Translation

A
  • mRNA carries instructions to ribosomes, and with help of transfer RNA (tRNA), the appropriate amino acids bind together in a specific sequence to create a protein
85
Q

2 main phases of cell division

A

Interphase

Mitosis

86
Q

Interphase

A

G1=growth phase
S=DNA replication
G2=growth phase

87
Q

Mitosis levels

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

88
Q

Mitosis

A

Somatic cell division

Diploid cells (23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 chromosomes)

89
Q

Meiosis

A 
Gamete cell division
Haploid cells (23 unpaired chromosomes)
90
Q

Tissues

A

Generalized cells become specialized as you develop

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function

91
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

92
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

93
Q

Epithelial

A

Covers body surfaces; forms glands; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts

94
Q

Connective

A

Protects and supports body and organs; binds organs together; stores energy reserves; provides immunity

95
Q

Muscular

A

Generates physical force needed to move body structures

96
Q

Nervous

A

Detects changes inside and outside the body and transmits nerve impulses to organs to maintain homeostasis

97
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering and lining epithelium

Glandular epithelium

98
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A

Have continuous sheets that are closely packed together

One of three surfaces (apical, lateral, Basal

Lack blood vessels; obtain nutrients through diffusion

Have nerve supply

Divide rapidly and continuously to replace injured cells

99
Q

Covering and Lining Epithelium

A

Forms outer coverings of skin and internal organs, lines body cavities

100
Q

How are epithelium classified

A

Cell shape and number of layers, which controls function

101
Q

Types of epithelium

A 
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified
102
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Specialized cells surrounded by matrix

103
Q

Connective tissue cells

A 
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Mast cells
WBCs
Macrophages
104
Q

the 2 types of Extracellular matrix

A

Fibers

Ground Matrix

105
Q

Fibers

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

106
Q

Ground matrix

A

Water

Organic molecules

107
Q

Connective Tissue: Loose

A

Most common tissue in body

108
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Skin
Mucous
Membranes
Surrounds organs

109
Q

Functions of loose connective tissue

A

Binds, supports and strengthens other tissues
Protects and insulates internal organs
Stores energy
Destroys worn-out blood cells and microbes

110
Q

Connective Tissue: Dense

A

Provides strong attachment sites

Provides strength and allows stretching of tissues and organs

111
Q

Types of dense connective tissues

A 
Tendons
Ligaments
Membrane capsules around organs
Lungs
Arterial walls
112
Q

Other types of connective tissue:

A

Bone

Blood and Lymph

113
Q

Cartilage

A

Unique subtype because has no blood vessels

114
Q

The only cells in cartilage are…

A

Chondrocytes

115
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Specialized cells which secrete a gel matrix

Substances diffuse through extracellular matrix

116
Q

Lacunae

A

Islands of chondrocytes

117
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Composed of elongated muscle cells call muscle fibers

118
Q

What does muscle tissue generate

A

Force to produce motion

119
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

120
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Long, multinucleated cells with striations

Under voluntary control

121
Q

What does skeletal muscle tissue generate?

A

Force for movement

122
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Small, uninucleated cells, no striations

Under involuntary control

123
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is found in…

A 
Blood vessels
Stomach
Intestines
Uterus
Bladder
124
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Intermediate sized cells
Interconnected through intercalated discs
Der involuntary control

125
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Transmits impulses to coordinate activities

126
Q

What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue

A

Neurons

Neuralgia

127
Q

Neurons

A

Sensitive to stimuli

Convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct impulses to other cells

May vary in length

128
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells of neurons

No generation of nerve impulses

129
Q

Membranes

A

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

130
Q

2 main types of membranes…

A

Epithelial membranes

Synovial membranes

131
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A

Composed of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer

132
Q

Types of epithelial membranes…

A

Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane (skin)

133
Q

Mucous Membrane (mucosa)

A

Lines a body cavity that opens directly to outside

134
Q

What system does the mucous membrane line

A

Digestive system
Respiratory system
Reproductive system
Urinary system

135
Q

Layers of the Mucous Membrane

A

Superficial epithelial layer secretes mucus

Deeper connective tissue

136
Q

Superficial epithelial layer secretes mucus

A

Prevents desiccation of cavities

Traps particles in respiratory passages

Lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through digestive tract

Secretes digestive enzymes

137
Q

Deeper connective tissue

A

Binds epithelium to underlying structures
Provides membrane with oxygen and nutrients
Removes wastes via its blood vessels

138
Q

Serous membrane

A

Also called serosa

Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to outside

139
Q

What cavities does the serous membrane line?

A

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

140
Q

Two layers of the serous membrane

A

Parietal layer

Visceral layer

141
Q

Parietal layer

A

Attached to cavity wall

142
Q

Visceral layer

A

Covers and attaches to organs inside of cavities

143
Q

Each layer of the serous membrane is composed of what?

A

Connective tissue covered by epithelium (mesothelium)

144
Q

Mesothelium

A

Secretes serous fluid

145
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joint cavities

Areolar tissue and adipose tissue with collagen fibers

No epithelial layer

146
Q

What cells does synovial membrane contain

A

Synoviocytes that secrete synovial fluid

 - lubricates ends of bones at joints
 - Nourishes cartilage covering the bones
 - Removes microbes and debris from joint cavity

Anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions