Chapter 3: Cells And Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
What are the Major Parts of a cell?
A
- Plasma/cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
2
Q
Plasma/cell membrane
A
Phospholipids bilateral membrane that delineates exterior and interior of cell
3
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Fluid inside cell; contains organelles
4
Q
Nucleus
A
Contains DNA and controls cell’s activities
5
Q
Phospholipids bilateral interspersed with:
A
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Proteins
6
Q
Types of proteins in plasma membrane
A
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Glycoproteins
7
Q
Integral proteins
A
Embedded within bilateral
8
Q
Peripheral proteins
A
Loosely associated with bilayer
9
Q
Glycoproteins
A
Proteins with sugars attached
10
Q
Functions of Membrane Proteins
A
Barrier from external environment of cell
Transport proteins control flow of material in/out of cell through selective permeability
11
Q
Receptor proteins and enzymes
A
Are important in intercellular signaling
12
Q
External glycoproteins (antigens)
A
Allow for cell to be recognized by immune cells
13
Q
Cytoplasm is where
A
Area between plasma membrane and nucleus
14
Q
Cytosol
A
Water and dissolved ions, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, ATP, gases
15
Q
Organelles
A
Membrane-bound compartments
Have specialized functions to maintain cell homeostasis
16
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
Internal structured framework of cell
17
Q
Network of protein elements for cytoskeleton
A
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
18
Q
Centrosomes are located where?
A
By the nucleus
19
Q
Centrosomes contain what?
A
Pair of centrioles
Pericentriolar material
20
Q
Centrioles
A
Hollow cylinders made of 9 sets of 3 microtubules
21
Q
Centrioles form?
A
mitotic spindle during cell division
22
Q
Pericentriolar material
A
Build microtubules in non-dividing cells
23
Q
Cilia are formed from?
A
Microtubules
24
Q
Cilia
A
Short, hair-like projections of plasma membrane
Sweep material across cell surface
Coordinated movements with each other
25
How is flagella formed?
Microtubules
26
Flagella
Longer, whip-like structure
For cell locomotion
27
Sperm cell for flagella
Sperm cell is only flagellated cell in humans
28
What are ribosomes made from?
RNA and proteins in nucleoli
29
Function of Ribosomes
Protein manufacturing
30
Locations of Ribosomes in cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Free floating cytosol
31
Ribosomes
Has a large subunit and small subunit
32
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Large membrane system that extends from outer nuclear membrane through cytoplasm
Makes up half of membranes within cytoplasm
33
What are the 2 Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
34
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Extends from nuclear envelope and is studded with ribosomes
35
Proteins made here and inserted into RER membrane will...
Form plasma membrane or organelle membranes
36
Proteins made here and inserted through RER into lumen will...
Be secreted out of cell
37
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Extends from RER
No Ribosomes on surface
38
What does SER Manufacture
fatty acids
Steroids
39
What does SER Detoxify
harmful substances
40
What does SER serve as?
Storage site for ionized calcium
41
Golgi Complex
Array of 3-20 flat membrane sacs/cisterns
Proteins are processed and sorted to travel to plasma membrane or other organelles
Transfer vesicles containing proteins bud off ends of complex to go to destination
42
Digestive Organelle: Lysomes
Break down material ingested by cell from extra cellular environment
Fuse with vehicle or organelle, digest it, and release remnants back into cytosol for recycling
43
Membrane
Enclosed vesicles that contain acidic, digestive enzymes
44
Mitochondria
Kidney bean shaped organelle
Generate ATP
45
What does Mitochondria contain?
Own DNA and Ribosomes
46
What is the Double membrane for Mitochondria?
Cristae
Matrix
47
Cristae
Inner membrane that has folds
48
Matrix
Fluid compartment
49
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Genetic material (chromatin or Chromosomes)
50
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane that encloses nucleus
Nuclear pores
51
Nuclear pores
Control movement of substances
52
Nucleolus
Large round structure of DNA, RNA, and proteins
53
What does the Nucleolus Manufacture?
Ribosomes
54
Genetic Material (chromatin and chromosomes)
Controls cell structure
Directs cell activities
55
Important Cell Processes
1. Transporting substances
2. Protein Synthesis (Transcription and Translation)
3. Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
56
Transporting Substances: fluid compartments important to cell function:
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
57
Extracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Lymph
Cerebrospinal fluid
58
Interstitial fluid
between cells
59
Plasma
Within a blood vessel
60
Lymph
Within a lymphatic vessel
61
Cerebrospinal fluid
surrounding brain and spinal cord
62
Solute
Substance dissolved within a fluid/gas
63
Solvent
Dissolving fluid/gas
64
Concentration
Around of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent
65
Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas
66
Diffusion
Solute move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Movement down a concentration gradient
Solute are ions, sugars, fatty acids, gases
Internal Kinetic energy drives it
Passive Process
67
Facilitated Diffusion/Transport
Diffusion aided by transport protein
Substance is larger than space between lipids in membrane
Solute still movie down concentration gradient
Passive process
68
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Solute cannot travel down their concentration gradient
Water must travel down its concentration gradient instead
- from more dilute area to more concentrated area of solute
69
Isotonic solution
Solute concentration same inside and outside cell
70
Hypotonic solution
Extracellular solute concentration is less than inside cell
71
Hypertonic solution
Extracellular solute concentration is more than inside cell
72
Active Transport
Move substances across membrane against concentration gradient
Requires energy
73
3 transport mechanisms of active transport
Pumps
Exchangers
Electrically coupled transporters
74
Endocytosis
Ingesting large substances by membrane engulfing material into cell inside of a vesicles
Vesicles formed by unfolding of plasma membrane around substance
75
The 3 types of endocytosis are...
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
76
Phagocytosis
Cell brings in large particles such as bacteria, viruses, dead cells
77
Plasma membrane forms ____________ that enclose material to form ______________.
Pseudopods
Phagosome
78
Phagosome
Then fuses with lysosomes
79
Pinocytosis
Cell brings in droplets of extracellular fluid and dissolved particles through small vesicles
Vesicles fuse with lysosomes and release their contents
80
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Cell uses receptors to bring in specific molecules in vesicles
Vesicles will fuse with lysosomes and molecule-receptor complex will be broken down
New receptors are made and packaged into vesicles that will merge with plasma membrane
81
Exocytosis
Transporting substances out of cell
Vesicles that bud off of Golgi complex carry proteins or other secretory substances
Merge with plasma membrane and release their contents to exterior of cell
82
Protein Synethesis
Transcription
| Translation
83
Transcription
Instructions for creating protein conveyed from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)
84
Translation
- mRNA carries instructions to ribosomes, and with help of transfer RNA (tRNA), the appropriate amino acids bind together in a specific sequence to create a protein
85
2 main phases of cell division
Interphase
| Mitosis
86
Interphase
G1=growth phase
S=DNA replication
G2=growth phase
87
Mitosis levels
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
88
Mitosis
Somatic cell division
Diploid cells (23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 chromosomes)
89
Meiosis
```
Gamete cell division
Haploid cells (23 unpaired chromosomes)
```
90
Tissues
Generalized cells become specialized as you develop
Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function
91
Histology
The study of tissues
92
4 types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
93
Epithelial
Covers body surfaces; forms glands; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts
94
Connective
Protects and supports body and organs; binds organs together; stores energy reserves; provides immunity
95
Muscular
Generates physical force needed to move body structures
96
Nervous
Detects changes inside and outside the body and transmits nerve impulses to organs to maintain homeostasis
97
Types of epithelial tissue
Covering and lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium
98
Characteristics of Epithelial tissue
Have continuous sheets that are closely packed together
One of three surfaces (apical, lateral, Basal
Lack blood vessels; obtain nutrients through diffusion
Have nerve supply
Divide rapidly and continuously to replace injured cells
99
Covering and Lining Epithelium
Forms outer coverings of skin and internal organs, lines body cavities
100
How are epithelium classified
Cell shape and number of layers, which controls function
101
Types of epithelium
```
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified
```
102
Connective Tissue
Specialized cells surrounded by matrix
103
Connective tissue cells
```
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Mast cells
WBCs
Macrophages
```
104
the 2 types of Extracellular matrix
Fibers
| Ground Matrix
105
Fibers
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
106
Ground matrix
Water
| Organic molecules
107
Connective Tissue: Loose
Most common tissue in body
108
Types of loose connective tissue
Skin
Mucous
Membranes
Surrounds organs
109
Functions of loose connective tissue
Binds, supports and strengthens other tissues
Protects and insulates internal organs
Stores energy
Destroys worn-out blood cells and microbes
110
Connective Tissue: Dense
Provides strong attachment sites
Provides strength and allows stretching of tissues and organs
111
Types of dense connective tissues
```
Tendons
Ligaments
Membrane capsules around organs
Lungs
Arterial walls
```
112
Other types of connective tissue:
Bone
| Blood and Lymph
113
Cartilage
Unique subtype because has no blood vessels
114
The only cells in cartilage are...
Chondrocytes
115
Chondrocytes
Specialized cells which secrete a gel matrix
Substances diffuse through extracellular matrix
116
Lacunae
Islands of chondrocytes
117
Muscle tissue
Composed of elongated muscle cells call muscle fibers
118
What does muscle tissue generate
Force to produce motion
119
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
120
Skeletal muscle tissue
Long, multinucleated cells with striations
Under voluntary control
121
What does skeletal muscle tissue generate?
Force for movement
122
Smooth muscle tissue
Small, uninucleated cells, no striations
Under involuntary control
123
Smooth muscle tissue is found in...
```
Blood vessels
Stomach
Intestines
Uterus
Bladder
```
124
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Intermediate sized cells
Interconnected through intercalated discs
Der involuntary control
125
Nervous Tissue
Transmits impulses to coordinate activities
126
What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue
Neurons
| Neuralgia
127
Neurons
Sensitive to stimuli
Convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct impulses to other cells
May vary in length
128
Neuroglia
Supporting cells of neurons
| No generation of nerve impulses
129
Membranes
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
130
2 main types of membranes...
Epithelial membranes
Synovial membranes
131
Epithelial Membranes
Composed of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer
132
Types of epithelial membranes...
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
133
Mucous Membrane (mucosa)
Lines a body cavity that opens directly to outside
134
What system does the mucous membrane line
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Reproductive system
Urinary system
135
Layers of the Mucous Membrane
Superficial epithelial layer secretes mucus
Deeper connective tissue
136
Superficial epithelial layer secretes mucus
Prevents desiccation of cavities
Traps particles in respiratory passages
Lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through digestive tract
Secretes digestive enzymes
137
Deeper connective tissue
Binds epithelium to underlying structures
Provides membrane with oxygen and nutrients
Removes wastes via its blood vessels
138
Serous membrane
Also called serosa
Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to outside
139
What cavities does the serous membrane line?
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
140
Two layers of the serous membrane
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
141
Parietal layer
Attached to cavity wall
142
Visceral layer
Covers and attaches to organs inside of cavities
143
Each layer of the serous membrane is composed of what?
Connective tissue covered by epithelium (mesothelium)
144
Mesothelium
Secretes serous fluid
145
Synovial membrane
Lines joint cavities
Areolar tissue and adipose tissue with collagen fibers
No epithelial layer
146
What cells does synovial membrane contain
Synoviocytes that secrete synovial fluid
- lubricates ends of bones at joints
- Nourishes cartilage covering the bones
- Removes microbes and debris from joint cavity
