Chapter 1: Organization Of The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
Science of body structure and the relationships among structures
2
Q
What is Physiology
A
Science of body function
3
Q
Parts of the Integumentary System
A
Skin, hair, and nails
4
Q
What does the Integumentary System Do?
A
- Internal body systems protection/barrier
- Outside environment sensor
- Body temperature regulation
- Metabolic waste elimination
5
Q
Parts of the Skeletal System
A
Bones and joints
6
Q
What does the Skeletal system Do?
A
- Framework for organs and body systems
- Blood cell production
- Mineral storage site
7
Q
Parts of the Muscular System
A
Muscles
8
Q
What does the Muscular System do?
A
- Framework (skeletal system) movement
- Force Production
9
Q
Parts of the nervous system
A
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
10
Q
What does the Nervous System do?
A
- Rapid internal/external environmental stimuli sensor
- Information processing
- Communication/coordination centre between body systems
11
Q
Parts of the Endocrine System
A
- Hypothalamus
- pituitary
- thymus
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenals
- gonads
12
Q
What does the Endocrine System do?
A
Coordination of body functions through chemical communication with target organs
13
Q
Parts of the cardiovascular System
A
- Heart
- Blood vessels
14
Q
What does the Cardiovascular system do?
A
Pumping system for blood
15
Q
What does pumping system for blood do?
A
- Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells
- Removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
16
Q
Parts of the Lymphatic System
A
- Lymph vessels
- nodes
17
Q
What does the Lymphatic System do?
A
- Filtration of debris from interstitial fluid
- Survey of interstitial fluid for pathogens
- Production of pathogen-fighting cells
18
Q
Parts of the Respiratory System
A
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchial
- passageways
- lungs
19
Q
What does the respiratory system do?
A
- Ventilation system for oxygen intake and blood carbon dioxide removal
- Blood pH maintenance
- Sound production (larynx)
20
Q
Parts of the Digestive Sytem
A
- Mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small and large intestines
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
21
Q
What does the digestive system do?
A
- Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
- Absorption of nutrients
- solid waste elimination
22
Q
Parts of the Urinary System
A
- Kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
23
Q
What does the Urinary System do?
A
- Filtration and regulation of blood/body fluid ion concentration
- Elimination of metabolic wastes
24
Q
Parts of the male reproductive system
A
Testes
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Penis
25
What does the male reproductive system do?
Production and delivery of sperm
26
Parts of the Female Reproductive system
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
27
What does the female reproductive system do?
Production of eggs, sperm reception, egg fertilization, fetus incubation, and delivery of neonate
28
What are the six essential life processes
```
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
```
29
Metabolism
All chemical processes occurring in the body
30
Responsiveness
Ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental stimuli
31
Movement
Motion; whole body, organ, cellular, and organelle levels
32
Growth
Increase in body size due to increase in cellular size, quantity, or surrounding cellular matrix
33
Differentiation
Process of cell specialization of structure and function
34
Reproduction
- production of a new individual
| - new cell formation for growth, repair, replacement
35
What is Homeostasis?
Maintenance of stable conditions within body, by responding to changes inside and outside body
36
What are the two homeostatic control systems
- Nervous system (fast response)
| - Endocrine system (slow response)
37
What does the feedback system do?
Monitors, evaluates and adjusts the status of the internal environment of the body
38
Stimulus in feedback system
- any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
- Can be external or internal to the body
39
What does the negative feedback system do?
- system reverses a change in the controlled condition to restore it back to set point
- maintains stable conditions
40
What does positive feedback do?
- System further strengthens the change in the controlled condition
41
The positive system does what in unstable
Must shut off by external event
42
What is steady state?
Set of conditions that remains constant over some period of time
43
Effects of aging and disease on homeostasis
- Homeostatic mechanisms decline with aging
- One or more parts in the feedback system can fail, leading to illness
- Chronic disease can also alter the ability of body to respond appropriately to stimuli; in turn affects components in feedback system
44
What does the anatomical position look like?
- Standard view of body
- Body is standing erect
- Body is facing observer
- Head level, eyes forward
- Feet flat on floor, directed inward
- Arms at sides, palms forward
45
Prone
body lying face down
46
Supine
body lying face up
47
Anterior/ventral
Face view of body
48
Posterior/dorsal
Back view of body
49
What are the major body regions
- head
- neck
- trunk
- upper limb
- lower limb
50
Head
Cephalon
51
Cephalic
Skull and face
52
Neck
Cervical
53
Cervical
Supports head and attaches to trunk
54
Trunk
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
55
Thoracic
Chest and back
56
Abdominal
Abdomen
57
Pelvic
Pelvis and buttock
58
Upper Limb
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Acromial
Scapular
Auxillary
Brachial
Antebrachial
Carpal
Palmar
```
59
Acromial
Shoulder
60
Scapular
shoulder blade
61
Axillary
Armpit
62
Brachial
Arm
63
Antebrachial
Forearm
64
Carpal
Wrist
65
Palmar
Palm
66
Lower limb
```
Gluteal
Femoral
Crural
Tarsal
Pedal
Digital
```
67
Gluteal
Buttock
68
Femoral
Thigh
69
Crural
Lower leg
70
Tarsal
Ankle
71
Pedal
Foot
72
Digital
Toes
73
Trunk
Medial
Lateral
Superior/rostral
Inferior
74
Medial
Toward the midline
75
Lateral
Away from the midline
76
Superior/rostral
Toward the head
77
Inferior
Away from the head
78
Limb
Proximal
| Distal
79
Proximal
Toward the point of attachment or trunk
80
Distal
Away from the point of attachment or trunk
81
Trunk and Limbs
Superficial
| Deep
82
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body
83
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
84
What are planes?
Imaginary flat surfaces that help divide or section the body
85
What are the different types of planes?
Sagittarius
Frontal/coronal
Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal
Oblique
86
Sagittarius
Divides into right and left sides
87
Midsagittal
Divides into equal right and left sides; passes through midline of body
88
Parasagittal
Divides into unequal left and right sides
89
Frontal/coronal
Divides into anterior and posterior sides
90
Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal
Divides into superior and inferior sides
91
Oblique
Divides body in a diagonal fashion; at an angle between the transverse and sagittal planes or transverse frontal planes
92
What are body cavities?
Spaces in the body that contain, protect separate, and support internal organs
93
Types of Body cavities
Ventral cavity
| Dorsal cavity
94
Two types of ventral cavities
Thoracic cavity
| Abdominopelvic cavity
95
Thoracic cavity
Left and right pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Mediastinum
96
Dorsal cavity
Contains brain and spinal cord
97
Type of dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
98
Cranial Cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain
99
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
100
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity; contains plural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
101
Types of Thoracic Cavities
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Mediastinum
102
Pleural Cavity
Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
103
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.
104
Mediastinum
Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
105
Adominopelvic cavity
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
106
Types of abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
| Pelvic cavity
107
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
108
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
109
Viscera
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, such as the lungs, heart, digestive organs
110
Serous membrane
A double-layered membrane covering the viscera
111
Types of serous membrane
Pleural
Pericardium
Peritoneum
112
Pleural
Serous membrane of lungs
113
Pericardium
Serous membrane of heart
114
Peritoneum
Serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity
115
Divisions of abdominopelvic Cavity in quadrants
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
116
Divisions of Abdominopelvic Cavity in Regions
```
Right Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Right Inguinal Region
Epi-gastric region
Umbilical Region
Pubic Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left Lumbar Region
Left Inguinal Region
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