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Anatomy > Chapter 1: Organization Of The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Organization Of The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Science of body structure and the relationships among structures

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2
Q

What is Physiology

A

Science of body function

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3
Q

Parts of the Integumentary System

A

Skin, hair, and nails

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4
Q

What does the Integumentary System Do?

A
  • Internal body systems protection/barrier
  • Outside environment sensor
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Metabolic waste elimination
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5
Q

Parts of the Skeletal System

A

Bones and joints

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6
Q

What does the Skeletal system Do?

A
  • Framework for organs and body systems
  • Blood cell production
  • Mineral storage site
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7
Q

Parts of the Muscular System

A

Muscles

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8
Q

What does the Muscular System do?

A
  • Framework (skeletal system) movement

- Force Production

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9
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
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10
Q

What does the Nervous System do?

A
  • Rapid internal/external environmental stimuli sensor
  • Information processing
  • Communication/coordination centre between body systems
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11
Q

Parts of the Endocrine System

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • thymus
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenals
  • gonads
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12
Q

What does the Endocrine System do?

A

Coordination of body functions through chemical communication with target organs

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13
Q

Parts of the cardiovascular System

A
  • Heart

- Blood vessels

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14
Q

What does the Cardiovascular system do?

A

Pumping system for blood

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15
Q

What does pumping system for blood do?

A
  • Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells

- Removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes

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16
Q

Parts of the Lymphatic System

A
  • Lymph vessels

- nodes

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17
Q

What does the Lymphatic System do?

A
  • Filtration of debris from interstitial fluid
  • Survey of interstitial fluid for pathogens
  • Production of pathogen-fighting cells
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18
Q

Parts of the Respiratory System

A
  • pharynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial
  • passageways
  • lungs
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19
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A
  • Ventilation system for oxygen intake and blood carbon dioxide removal
  • Blood pH maintenance
  • Sound production (larynx)
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20
Q

Parts of the Digestive Sytem

A
  • Mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small and large intestines
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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21
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A
  • Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
  • Absorption of nutrients
  • solid waste elimination
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22
Q

Parts of the Urinary System

A
  • Kidneys
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra
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23
Q

What does the Urinary System do?

A
  • Filtration and regulation of blood/body fluid ion concentration
  • Elimination of metabolic wastes
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24
Q

Parts of the male reproductive system

A

Testes
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Penis

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25
Q

What does the male reproductive system do?

A

Production and delivery of sperm

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26
Q

Parts of the Female Reproductive system

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

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27
Q

What does the female reproductive system do?

A

Production of eggs, sperm reception, egg fertilization, fetus incubation, and delivery of neonate

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28
Q

What are the six essential life processes

A 
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
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29
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical processes occurring in the body

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30
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental stimuli

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31
Q

Movement

A

Motion; whole body, organ, cellular, and organelle levels

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32
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body size due to increase in cellular size, quantity, or surrounding cellular matrix

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33
Q

Differentiation

A

Process of cell specialization of structure and function

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34
Q

Reproduction

A
  • production of a new individual

- new cell formation for growth, repair, replacement

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35
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of stable conditions within body, by responding to changes inside and outside body

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36
Q

What are the two homeostatic control systems

A
  • Nervous system (fast response)

- Endocrine system (slow response)

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37
Q

What does the feedback system do?

A

Monitors, evaluates and adjusts the status of the internal environment of the body

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38
Q

Stimulus in feedback system

A
  • any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
  • Can be external or internal to the body
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39
Q

What does the negative feedback system do?

A
  • system reverses a change in the controlled condition to restore it back to set point
  • maintains stable conditions
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40
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A
  • System further strengthens the change in the controlled condition
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41
Q

The positive system does what in unstable

A

Must shut off by external event

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42
Q

What is steady state?

A

Set of conditions that remains constant over some period of time

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43
Q

Effects of aging and disease on homeostasis

A
  • Homeostatic mechanisms decline with aging
  • One or more parts in the feedback system can fail, leading to illness
  • Chronic disease can also alter the ability of body to respond appropriately to stimuli; in turn affects components in feedback system
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44
Q

What does the anatomical position look like?

A
  • Standard view of body
  • Body is standing erect
  • Body is facing observer
  • Head level, eyes forward
  • Feet flat on floor, directed inward
  • Arms at sides, palms forward
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45
Q

Prone

A

body lying face down

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46
Q

Supine

A

body lying face up

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47
Q

Anterior/ventral

A

Face view of body

48
Q

Posterior/dorsal

A

Back view of body

49
Q

What are the major body regions

A
  • head
  • neck
  • trunk
  • upper limb
  • lower limb
50
Q

Head

A

Cephalon

51
Q

Cephalic

A

Skull and face

52
Q

Neck

A

Cervical

53
Q

Cervical

A

Supports head and attaches to trunk

54
Q

Trunk

A

Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

55
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest and back

56
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

57
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis and buttock

58
Q

Upper Limb

A 
Acromial
Scapular
Auxillary
Brachial
Antebrachial
Carpal
Palmar
59
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

60
Q

Scapular

A

shoulder blade

61
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

62
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

63
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

64
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

65
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

66
Q

Lower limb

A 
Gluteal
Femoral
Crural
Tarsal
Pedal
Digital
67
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

68
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

69
Q

Crural

A

Lower leg

70
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

71
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

72
Q

Digital

A

Toes

73
Q

Trunk

A

Medial
Lateral
Superior/rostral
Inferior

74
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

75
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

76
Q

Superior/rostral

A

Toward the head

77
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

78
Q

Limb

A

Proximal

Distal

79
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the point of attachment or trunk

80
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of attachment or trunk

81
Q

Trunk and Limbs

A

Superficial

Deep

82
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body

83
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

84
Q

What are planes?

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that help divide or section the body

85
Q

What are the different types of planes?

A

Sagittarius
Frontal/coronal
Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal
Oblique

86
Q

Sagittarius

A

Divides into right and left sides

87
Q

Midsagittal

A

Divides into equal right and left sides; passes through midline of body

88
Q

Parasagittal

A

Divides into unequal left and right sides

89
Q

Frontal/coronal

A

Divides into anterior and posterior sides

90
Q

Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal

A

Divides into superior and inferior sides

91
Q

Oblique

A

Divides body in a diagonal fashion; at an angle between the transverse and sagittal planes or transverse frontal planes

92
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Spaces in the body that contain, protect separate, and support internal organs

93
Q

Types of Body cavities

A

Ventral cavity

Dorsal cavity

94
Q

Two types of ventral cavities

A

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

95
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Left and right pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Mediastinum

96
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Contains brain and spinal cord

97
Q

Type of dorsal cavity

A

Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

98
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain

99
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

100
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity; contains plural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum

101
Q

Types of Thoracic Cavities

A

Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Mediastinum

102
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura

103
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.

104
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

105
Q

Adominopelvic cavity

A

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

106
Q

Types of abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

107
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum

108
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

109
Q

Viscera

A

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, such as the lungs, heart, digestive organs

110
Q

Serous membrane

A

A double-layered membrane covering the viscera

111
Q

Types of serous membrane

A

Pleural
Pericardium
Peritoneum

112
Q

Pleural

A

Serous membrane of lungs

113
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane of heart

114
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity

115
Q

Divisions of abdominopelvic Cavity in quadrants

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

116
Q

Divisions of Abdominopelvic Cavity in Regions

A 
Right Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Right Inguinal Region
Epi-gastric region
Umbilical Region
Pubic Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left Lumbar Region
Left Inguinal Region

Anatomy (3 decks)

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