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Anatomy > Chapter 2: Introductory Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Introductory Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

How many states does matter have?

A

3

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3
Q

What are the 3 states of Matter?

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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4
Q

Solid

A

Definite shape and volume

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5
Q

Liquid

A

No shape, definite volume

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6
Q

Gas

A

No definite shape or volume

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7
Q

What changes can Matter Undergo?

A

Physical

Chemical

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8
Q

Physical changes

A

Matter changes in form without altering its basic nature

E.g. Ice melting

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9
Q

Chemical changes

A

Changes in matter where its nature is altered

E.g. Nail rusting

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10
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of energy

A

Kinetic

Potential

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12
Q

Kinetic

A

Energy of motion

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13
Q

Potential

A

Stored energy

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14
Q

Energy kinetic and potential

A

Energy can be converted between kinetic and potential energy forms, but is never lost

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15
Q

Subcategories of Energy

A

Mechanical Energy
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Radiant energy

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16
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Directly involved in moving matter

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17
Q

Chemical energy

A

Stored in the chemical bonds of matter

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18
Q

Electrical energy

A

From moving charged particles

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19
Q

Radiant energy

A

From the electromagnetic spectrum

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20
Q

What is matter made of?

A

Chemical elements are building blocks of matter

Cannot be broken down to simpler units and retain same chemical properties

26 elements present in our body

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21
Q

Atoms of different elements

A

Have different numbers of protons

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22
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in nucleus of an atom

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23
Q

Mass number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atom

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24
Q

Electron shells

A

Regions where groups of electrons are most likely to be found

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25
Valence shell
Outermost electron shell, furthest from nucleus
26
What does the number of electrons in the shell determine?
Atom's chemical reactivity
27
When is the atom most stable
With full valence shell
28
Isotopes
Elements that have same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
29
Radioisotope
Unstable isotopes | Have more neutrons than nucleus can hold
30
What do radioisotopes release
Releases radioactive particles and energy
31
What are radioisotopes used for?
Used for diagnostic imaging and cancer therapy
32
Compounds
Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds by exchanging electrons
33
Ionic Bond
Atoms donate or accept electrons from interacting atoms to create stable valence shell
34
Ion
An atom that has a positive or negative charge Has lost or gained electrons Cations (+) and Anion (-)
35
Molecule
composed of 2 or more atoms that share e- Can be same (O2) or different elements (CO)
36
Compound
A molecule composed of different elements
37
Molecular formula
Indicates number and type of atoms in molecule E.g. H2O = 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen
38
Covalent Bonds
Shared electron pair between two atoms Higher number covalent bonds between 2 atoms = stronger the atoms are bound together
39
Non-polar covalent bond
Valence electrons shared equally Are neutral
40
Polar covalent bonds
Valence electrons are shared unequally Electrons are around stronger atom more than weaker atom Each end of polar molecule has partial charge
41
Hydrogen Bond
Form between S+ H atoms of a molecule and S- atoms of neighbouring molecules
42
What type of bond does a hydrogen bond have?
Weak bond; easily formed and broken
43
Where is the hydrogen bond found
Found in water, DNA and proteins
44
Free Radicals
Unpaired e- in valence shell of ion or molecule Unstable and destructive Generated by several processes Numerous free radical-associated diseases Antioxidants combat free radicals
45
Chemical Reaction
When new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms Body structures are built, functions performed
46
In a chemical reaction what is always transferred?
Energy
47
What are the 4 types of chemical reaction?
Synthesis Reaction Decomposition Reaction Exchange Reaction Reversible Reaction
48
Inorganic Compounds
Substance that does not contain carbon E.g. Water
49
Organic Compounds
Substance that contains carbon E.g. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
50
What are the 5 Vital Properties of Water?
1. Excellent solvent due to polar covalent bonds 2. Participates in chemical reactions 3. Absorbs and releases heat slowly 4. Requires large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas 5. Serves as lubricant
51
What are the inorganic compounds
Acid Base Salt
52
Acid
Dissociates into 1 or more H+ in water
53
Base
Dissociates into 1 or more OH- in water Absorbs 1 or more H+ when dissolved in water
54
Salt
Dissociates into cations and anions in water
55
What does the pH scale range to
Ranges from 0 to 14
56
What does the pH scale describe?
Describes how acidic or alkaline a solution is
57
Buffers
Chemical compounds that quickly bind or release H+ ions Maintain pH of body
58
What do buffers convert?
Convert strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases
59
What are the 4 vital Organic Compounds?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
60
Carbohydrates
Major energy sources for the body Includes sugars, starches, cellulose
61
What do Carbohydrates contain?
C H O
62
What are the 3 categories of carbohydrates?
1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides
63
Monosaccharides
Building blocks of carbohydrates Simple sugars
64
List the Monosaccharides
``` Glucose Galactose Fructose Ribose Deoxyribose ```
65
Glucose
is main source of chemical energy in your body
66
Disaccharides
Double sugars Created when 2 monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis E.g. Glucose + Galactose = Lactose Broken down to monosaccharides in a hydrolysis reaction
67
Polysaccharides
Large complex carbohydrates 10 to 100s of monosaccharides
68
Glycogen in humans
Reserve fuel stored in liver and muscle cells
69
Starch and cellulose in plants
Excellent source of fibre in human diet
70
Lipids
Store energy; used in cell membrane and hormones
71
What are lipids made of?
C H Little O
72
Categories of Lipids
Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids
73
Triglycerides
Made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules
74
Types of Triglycerides
Saturated | Unsaturated
75
Saturated
Only single at room temperature
76
Unsaturated
at least one double covalent bond Liquid at room temperature
77
Phospholipids
Similar to triglycerides Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group Non-polar fatty acids form hydrophobic 'tails'
78
Steroids
Four interlocking carbon atom ring structure, a functional group
79
Cholesterol
Important for membrane structure Building block of all steroid hormones
80
Proteins
Important structurally and functionally in cell
81
What are proteins made of?
Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
82
What are the categories of Proteins?
Fibrous proteins | Globular proteins
83
Amino Acids
Building blocks of peptides that in turn combine to form proteins
84
Amino acids shape
Sequence of amino acids in a protein is critical to function Shape is critical to function
85
Denaturation
non-reversible bond breakage
86
What causes denaturation?
Caused by temperature, pH, radiation, ion concentration changes
87
Enzymes
Biological catalysts, remain unchanged through process
88
3 important properties of enzymes
1. Specificity 2. Efficiency 3. Control
89
Control
The enzymes are controlled by genes
90
Nucleic Acids
Organic molecules that contain C, H, O and P
91
Nucleotides
Are building blocks
92
What do nucleotides have?
1 of 4 different nitrogenous bases 5-carbon monosaccharide Phosphate group
93
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid | Ribonucleic acid
94
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Genetic material, encodes instructions for protein synthesis Double helix structure
95
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Relays instructions from DNA to synthesize proteins from amino acids
96
Nitrogen bases
(DNA) Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T) | RNA) Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U
97
Sugar in nucleotides
(DNA) Deoxyribose (RNA) Ribose
98
Number of strands
(DNA) Two (double-helix, like a twisted ladder) (RNA) One
99
Nitrogen base pairing (number of hydrogen bonds)
(DNA) A with T (2) G with C (3) | RNA) A with U (2), G with C (3
100
How is it copied?
(DNA) Self-replicating | (RNA) Made by using DNA as a blueprint
101
Function
(DNA) Encodes information for making proteins (RNA) Caries the genetic code and assists in making proteins
102
Types
(DNA) Nuclear, mitochondrial | RNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA
103
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
104
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical that stores and releases energy for cellular chemical reactions
105
Components of ATP
Nitrogen base Sugar 3 phosphate groups
106
Nitrogen base
Adenine
107
Sugar
Ribose

Anatomy (3 decks)

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