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Anatomy > Chapter 2: Introductory Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Introductory Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

How many states does matter have?

A

3

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3
Q

What are the 3 states of Matter?

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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4
Q

Solid

A

Definite shape and volume

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5
Q

Liquid

A

No shape, definite volume

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6
Q

Gas

A

No definite shape or volume

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7
Q

What changes can Matter Undergo?

A

Physical

Chemical

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8
Q

Physical changes

A

Matter changes in form without altering its basic nature

E.g. Ice melting

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9
Q

Chemical changes

A

Changes in matter where its nature is altered

E.g. Nail rusting

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10
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of energy

A

Kinetic

Potential

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12
Q

Kinetic

A

Energy of motion

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13
Q

Potential

A

Stored energy

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14
Q

Energy kinetic and potential

A

Energy can be converted between kinetic and potential energy forms, but is never lost

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15
Q

Subcategories of Energy

A

Mechanical Energy
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Radiant energy

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16
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Directly involved in moving matter

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17
Q

Chemical energy

A

Stored in the chemical bonds of matter

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18
Q

Electrical energy

A

From moving charged particles

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19
Q

Radiant energy

A

From the electromagnetic spectrum

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20
Q

What is matter made of?

A

Chemical elements are building blocks of matter

Cannot be broken down to simpler units and retain same chemical properties

26 elements present in our body

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21
Q

Atoms of different elements

A

Have different numbers of protons

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22
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in nucleus of an atom

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23
Q

Mass number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atom

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24
Q

Electron shells

A

Regions where groups of electrons are most likely to be found

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25
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost electron shell, furthest from nucleus

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26
Q

What does the number of electrons in the shell determine?

A

Atom’s chemical reactivity

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27
Q

When is the atom most stable

A

With full valence shell

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28
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements that have same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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29
Q

Radioisotope

A

Unstable isotopes

Have more neutrons than nucleus can hold

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30
Q

What do radioisotopes release

A

Releases radioactive particles and energy

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31
Q

What are radioisotopes used for?

A

Used for diagnostic imaging and cancer therapy

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32
Q

Compounds

A

Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds by exchanging electrons

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33
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Atoms donate or accept electrons from interacting atoms to create stable valence shell

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34
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has a positive or negative charge

Has lost or gained electrons

Cations (+) and Anion (-)

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35
Q

Molecule

A

composed of 2 or more atoms that share e-

Can be same (O2) or different elements (CO)

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36
Q

Compound

A

A molecule composed of different elements

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37
Q

Molecular formula

A

Indicates number and type of atoms in molecule

E.g. H2O = 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen

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38
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Shared electron pair between two atoms

Higher number covalent bonds between 2 atoms = stronger the atoms are bound together

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39
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

Valence electrons shared equally

Are neutral

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40
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Valence electrons are shared unequally

Electrons are around stronger atom more than weaker atom

Each end of polar molecule has partial charge

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41
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Form between S+ H atoms of a molecule and S- atoms of neighbouring molecules

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42
Q

What type of bond does a hydrogen bond have?

A

Weak bond; easily formed and broken

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43
Q

Where is the hydrogen bond found

A

Found in water, DNA and proteins

44
Q

Free Radicals

A

Unpaired e- in valence shell of ion or molecule

Unstable and destructive

Generated by several processes

Numerous free radical-associated diseases

Antioxidants combat free radicals

45
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

When new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

Body structures are built, functions performed

46
Q

In a chemical reaction what is always transferred?

A

Energy

47
Q

What are the 4 types of chemical reaction?

A

Synthesis Reaction
Decomposition Reaction
Exchange Reaction
Reversible Reaction

48
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Substance that does not contain carbon

E.g. Water

49
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Substance that contains carbon

E.g. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

50
Q

What are the 5 Vital Properties of Water?

A
  1. Excellent solvent due to polar covalent bonds
  2. Participates in chemical reactions
  3. Absorbs and releases heat slowly
  4. Requires large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas
  5. Serves as lubricant
51
Q

What are the inorganic compounds

A

Acid
Base
Salt

52
Q

Acid

A

Dissociates into 1 or more H+ in water

53
Q

Base

A

Dissociates into 1 or more OH- in water

Absorbs 1 or more H+ when dissolved in water

54
Q

Salt

A

Dissociates into cations and anions in water

55
Q

What does the pH scale range to

A

Ranges from 0 to 14

56
Q

What does the pH scale describe?

A

Describes how acidic or alkaline a solution is

57
Q

Buffers

A

Chemical compounds that quickly bind or release H+ ions

Maintain pH of body

58
Q

What do buffers convert?

A

Convert strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases

59
Q

What are the 4 vital Organic Compounds?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
60
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Major energy sources for the body

Includes sugars, starches, cellulose

61
Q

What do Carbohydrates contain?

A

C
H
O

62
Q

What are the 3 categories of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
63
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Building blocks of carbohydrates

Simple sugars

64
Q

List the Monosaccharides

A 
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
65
Q

Glucose

A

is main source of chemical energy in your body

66
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars

Created when 2 monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis
E.g. Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

Broken down to monosaccharides in a hydrolysis reaction

67
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Large complex carbohydrates

10 to 100s of monosaccharides

68
Q

Glycogen in humans

A

Reserve fuel stored in liver and muscle cells

69
Q

Starch and cellulose in plants

A

Excellent source of fibre in human diet

70
Q

Lipids

A

Store energy; used in cell membrane and hormones

71
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

C
H
Little O

72
Q

Categories of Lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

73
Q

Triglycerides

A

Made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

74
Q

Types of Triglycerides

A

Saturated

Unsaturated

75
Q

Saturated

A

Only single at room temperature

76
Q

Unsaturated

A

at least one double covalent bond

Liquid at room temperature

77
Q

Phospholipids

A

Similar to triglycerides

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

Non-polar fatty acids form hydrophobic ‘tails’

78
Q

Steroids

A

Four interlocking carbon atom ring structure, a functional group

79
Q

Cholesterol

A

Important for membrane structure

Building block of all steroid hormones

80
Q

Proteins

A

Important structurally and functionally in cell

81
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

82
Q

What are the categories of Proteins?

A

Fibrous proteins

Globular proteins

83
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of peptides that in turn combine to form proteins

84
Q

Amino acids shape

A

Sequence of amino acids in a protein is critical to function

Shape is critical to function

85
Q

Denaturation

A

non-reversible bond breakage

86
Q

What causes denaturation?

A

Caused by temperature, pH, radiation, ion concentration changes

87
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts, remain unchanged through process

88
Q

3 important properties of enzymes

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Efficiency
  3. Control
89
Q

Control

A

The enzymes are controlled by genes

90
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Organic molecules that contain C, H, O and P

91
Q

Nucleotides

A

Are building blocks

92
Q

What do nucleotides have?

A

1 of 4 different nitrogenous bases

5-carbon monosaccharide

Phosphate group

93
Q

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid

94
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material, encodes instructions for protein synthesis

Double helix structure

95
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Relays instructions from DNA to synthesize proteins from amino acids

96
Q

Nitrogen bases

A

(DNA) Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

RNA) Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U

97
Q

Sugar in nucleotides

A

(DNA) Deoxyribose

(RNA) Ribose

98
Q

Number of strands

A

(DNA) Two (double-helix, like a twisted ladder)

(RNA) One

99
Q

Nitrogen base pairing (number of hydrogen bonds)

A

(DNA) A with T (2) G with C (3)

RNA) A with U (2), G with C (3

100
Q

How is it copied?

A

(DNA) Self-replicating

(RNA) Made by using DNA as a blueprint

101
Q

Function

A

(DNA) Encodes information for making proteins

(RNA) Caries the genetic code and assists in making proteins

102
Q

Types

A

(DNA) Nuclear, mitochondrial

RNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA

103
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

104
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Chemical that stores and releases energy for cellular chemical reactions

105
Q

Components of ATP

A

Nitrogen base
Sugar
3 phosphate groups

106
Q

Nitrogen base

A

Adenine

107
Q

Sugar

A

Ribose

Anatomy (3 decks)

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