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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Are the basic structure and functional units of living organisms
Vary in size, shape, and function

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2
Q

The three main parts of the cell

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms boundaries of cell, it separates intracellular from extracellular fluid

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4
Q

The plasma membrane Structure Consist of a Byler of fluid_______ (98%) Within which are variety of proteins(___%)

A

Lipids, 2%

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5
Q

In the plasma membrane the
Phospholipids have ____%
Cholesterol have ___%
Glycolipids have ____%

A

75%, 20%, 5%

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6
Q

Bilayers

A

2 layers

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7
Q

Phospholipid molecules are arranged in two layers called

A

Bilayers

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8
Q

Phospholipid molecules have polar ______and nonpolar _____.

A

Heads, tails

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9
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water absorbing

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10
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing

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11
Q

Phospholipid molecules heads face _____ sides, where their tails pointing towards ____

A

Both, each other

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12
Q

True or false
The plasma membrane functions as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell

A

True

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13
Q

The two types of protein membranes

A

Integral(transmembrance) proteins, and peripheral membrane proteins

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14
Q

Integral proteins

A

Extend through the phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Are associated loosely with only one side of the membrane

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16
Q

Remember protein functions

A

Transporters,
Receptors for chemical messengers, enzymes that catalyze reactions, markers in cell recognition
anchors to sell cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Permeable

A

Membrane Is permeable to substances that can pass through it

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18
Q

Impermeable

A

A membrane is impermeable to substances that can’t pass through it

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19
Q

Cell membranes are selectively permeable which means

A

allows some things to pass more easily than others

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20
Q

Membranes are usually permeable to _______, uncharged, and small molecules

A

Non polar

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21
Q

A membrane is usually impermeable to

A

Ions, charged or Polar molecules

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22
Q

What is the exception for membrane permeability?

A

Water

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23
Q

Membrane transport

A

The variety of ways to transfer a substance across a membrane

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24
Q

Membrane transport-passive processes

A

Substances move down from their concentration gradients with no energy required from the cell. (High to low)

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25
Q

Membrane transport-Active processes

A

Energy is required to move substances against their concentration gradients or for substances otherwise unable to pass. (Low to high)

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26
Q

Passive transport-Diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules from an area of high to an area of low until equilibrium is reached

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27
Q

The rate of diffusion is affected by

A

Temperature, particle size, gradient, surface area, distance

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28
Q

The two types of diffusion

A

Simple, facilitated

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29
Q

Diffusion-simple

A

Non-polar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer

Eg.Fat soluble vitamins ADEK

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30
Q

Diffusion-Facilitated

A

Polar and charged molecules require transmembrane proteins as carriers, or use ion channels to move through the lipid bilayer

Eg.Glucose, amino acids, ions

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31
Q

Passive transport-osmosis

A

Net movement of water from an area of high water to an area of low water through a semi permeable membrane, until equilibrium is reached

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32
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Ability of a solution to attract or draw and water

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33
Q

In osmotic pressure the greater the number of solute particles in the solution, the greater the osmotic pressure. This means

A

More water you have

34
Q

Active transport

A

Substances across the membrane by moving against their concentration gradient and energy is required

35
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy from ATP hydrolysis changes the shape of a transporter protein and it “pumps” a substance across the membrane

36
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Coupled transport of two molecules using energy supplied by an ion gradient, Maintained by a primary active transport pump.

Eg. Na+ is co transported with glucose

37
Q

What is used to drive other substances into the cell for active transport?

A

The energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient

38
Q

Vehicle Active transport

A

Used for large particles, macromolecules, and fluids

39
Q

The two parts of vesicle transport?

A

Exocytosis, and endocytosis

40
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moves a packaged vesicle out of the cell by fusing with the cell membrane and releasing its contents
Eg. Hormones, neurotransmitters

41
Q

Endocytosis

A

Moves material into the cell by forming a vesicle

Eg. Phagocytosis

42
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular material between the plasma membrane in nucleus

43
Q

Two elements of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol and organelles

44
Q

Cytosol

A

Is the fluid surrounding organelles, makes up at 75-90% of water with dissolved and suspended components
It’s the site for many chemical reactions required for cell s xistence

45
Q

Organelles

A

Specialize structures that have specific functions necessary for the life of the cell
Most organelles are membrane bound

46
Q

Organelles include

A

Mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, cytoskeleton

47
Q

Mitochondria is inherited from

A

Yo mama

48
Q

The mitochondria-function

A

Produces most ATP cells

49
Q

A liver still has approximately how many ATP

A

1700

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in proteins synthesis, tiny organelles composed of RNA and protein (not membrane bound)

51
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum-function

A

Site of lipid and steroids synthesis and detoxifies drugs

52
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Continuation of rough endoplasmic reticulum but lacks ribosomes

53
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has ribosomes attached to external surface

54
Q

Golgi complex

A

Modify sort package proteins from various destinations in the cell

55
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest substances transported into the cell or digest cellular debris

56
Q

How are lysosomes formed

A

By the Golgi complex

57
Q

What organelle has the digestive enzyme in it?

A

The Lysosome

58
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provide structure and support, also aids in movement of structures within the cell

59
Q

The nucleus

A

It’s bound by a double membrane, most cells have single nucleus, usually found near the center, contains jelly like nucleoplasm

60
Q

Example of something with no nucleus

A

Mature red blood cell

61
Q

Example of a Multinucleate

A

Skeletal muscle cells

62
Q

Three regions or structures of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope, nuclei, chromatin

63
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that controls movement of substances between the cytoplasm and nucleus,
outer membrane is continuous with the RER
Lipid bilayer similar to the Plasma membrane

64
Q

Nuclear poor

A

Circular ring of protein extending nuclear envelope. Allows for movement between cytoplasm and nucleus

65
Q

Nucleoli

A

To produce ribosomes, not enclosed by membrane,

dark staining around structures found in nucleus

66
Q

Nucleolus is

A

Singular

67
Q

Nucleoli is

A

Plural

68
Q

Chromatin

A

Thread like material composed of DNA and proteins of a non-dividing cell.

Function-consists of jeans which controls cellular structure and direct cellular functions by providing instructions for proteins synthesis

69
Q

Cell division

A

Process by which cells reproduce themselves

70
Q

The two types of cell division

A

Somatic and reproductive

71
Q

Somatic cell division

A

Body cells undergo nuclear division to produce new body cell this is mitosis

72
Q

Reproductive cell division

A

Germ cell undergoes nuclear division to produce gamete this is meiosis

73
Q

Cytokinesis is _______ from mitosis and meiosis

A

Separate

74
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Usually accompanies nuclear division

75
Q

Both types of cell division involve ______ of events divided into _____

A

Orderly series, phases

76
Q

cytoplasm

A

cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

77
Q

what are the 2 elements of a cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

78
Q

cytosol

A

the fluid surrounding organelles
75-90% water with dissolved and suspended components
site for many chemical reactions required for cell exsistence

79
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures with specific functions necessary for the life of the cell
most organelles are membrane bound

80
Q

organelles include

A 
mitochondria
ribosome
endo. r
golgi complex
lysosomes
cytoskeleton
81
Q

mitochondria is inherited from

A

your mother

82
Q

mitochondria function

A

produce most atp cells

Human Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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