Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
The chemical level includes
Atoms, molecules, macromolecules
Chemistry is
Science Of structure and interactions of matter
Matter is
Anything that occupies space and remains constant
A solid
Has a definite volume and definite shape
A liquid
Has a definite volume and takes the shape of a container
A gas
Has no definite volume and no shape
Your weight:
Varies with force of gravity and example being you weigh nothing on the moon but your mass stays the same
There are how many chemicals symbols
118
How many elements are in the human body?
26
What elements make up 96% of the human body?
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
Each element is composed of ______.
Atoms
Atoms are a cluster of:
Subatomic particles
Subatomic particles include:
Protons – positive found in the nucleus, neutrons-no charge found in the nucleus
electrons-negative on the shells of an electron
Atomic number is the number of:
Protons
The atomic mass is the number of ________+__________
Protons and neutrons
Isotopes are
Atoms in an element that vary in the structure
Unstable isotopes are called
Radioactive
What can radioactive isotopes be used in the human body?
They can be used to observe and organs function, a scanner is used to detect omitted raised to determine if the function is normal.
The rose on the periodic table portray:
The number of electrons
The columns of the periodic table portray:
The group it belongs to and how many electrons are on the valance shell
An atom becomes an ion when:
It gains Or loses electrons
What are the two models of an atomic structure:
Orbital mode, and planetarium mode
True or false, atoms do not exist in a free state, but are combined with other atoms
True
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms formed by the same or different elements that are joined by a chemical bond
What is a compound?
It is a substance formed when different elements bind
True or false, I’ll molecules are compounds
False
What does the molecular formula indicate?
The type and number of each element making up a molecule
Why are chemical bonds formed?
To complete the valance shell of electrons and to make it stable
What elements have full Valen shells?
Helium, Neon, argon
Where does reactivity of atoms come from?
Unpaired electrons in there valance shells
What is Octet rule?
Atoms tend interact to have eight valence electrons an atom is stable if it has eight electrons
An ionic bond
Formed by the transfer of electrons from one Atom to another
Cat ion
An atom that loses electrons thus making a positive
Anion
An atom that gains electrons thus making it negative
Covalent bonds
Formed by sharing pairs of electrons between two or more atoms so each outer shell is filled and electrons orbit around the molecule as a whole
A polar covalent bond is
A bond that is not shared equally between Atoms thus one side is more negative
Usually have a V-shaped Visual
A non-polar covalent bond is?
When atoms are shared equally between the atoms
Usually have a linear or symmetrical visual
Hydrogen bonds
Formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of a nearby electronegative Atom
Where to hydrogen bonds form and are they strong or weak bonds?
They formed between DNA and proteins and our weak bonds
When does a chemical reaction occur?
Chemical reactions occur when bonds between Atoms are formed, broken, or rearranged
When balancing a Chemical reaction both sides of the equation must be _____.
Equal
What is the basis for all chemical reactions?
Interactions of valance shells
What are the two principal forms of energy?
Kinetic and potential
What is energy?
Energy is the capacity to do work
What is a catalyst and what does it do to reactions?
The catalyst is an enzyme and it speeds reactions by slowing activation energy.
What are the four types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, oxidation-reduction
Synthesis reaction
When two or more atoms ions, or small molecules together form a larger molecule. This is anabolic and energy using.
A+B=AB
Decomposition reaction
Large molecules broken down into smaller molecules, ions, or Atoms.
This is catabolic and energy releasing)
AB=A+B
Exchange reaction
Involves synthesis and decomposition, we are parts of two different molecules trade positions with one another
AB+CD=AD BC
Oxidation/reduction reaction
Produce ATP from food molecules
In organic compounds
Lack carbon and are structurally simple
Organic compounds
Always contain carbon and are formed by covalent bonds
In organic compounds include
Water, salt, acid, bases
Organic compounds contain
Carbon hydrogen and other elements
In organic compounds/water
Water is the most important in organic compound.
It is a polar solvent and can dissolve most substances
Ask as a cushion/lubricates the body, has a high heat capacity as well
Inorganic compounds/salts
When dissolved in the solution it breaks apart and gives A positive or negative but never H positive or OH negative
In organic compounds/acids
One or more H+ ion and one or more negative ion is given when dissolved
In organic compounds/bases
One or more hydroxyl ion( OH-)and one or more positive ion is given when dissolved
Salt, acids, and bases all break down in water and give _______.
Electrolytes
The pH scale
Values & change
Values from 0 to 14
Change in the pH unit is a 10 times change
Ph of an acid
<7
H+
Ph of a base
> 7
H+>OH-
Neural Ph
=7
H+=OH-
A buffer system________ change in Ph and helps maintain _________.
Minimizes, homeostasis
Blood has a Ph of:
7.4
Organic compound take up to ____-_____% of our body mass
30-40%
If carbon has 4 valence shells how many shells does it need to become stable?
4
Carbohydrates
Composed of C, H, O
Can be sugar, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
It is the main source of chemical energy for metabolism
Carbohydrates are classified by the number of sugars these are called:
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simplest with a general formula and example of this is glucose
Disaccharide
Join by dehydration synthesis to join to monosaccharides an example of this is sucrose
Polysaccharide
Is a large chain of many monosaccharides Joined together and example of this is glycogen
C6H12O6
Glucose
Isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formulas, but Atoms are arranged differently
This can be shown in disaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.
Lipids
Composed of C, H, and O, (just less O)
They are non-Polar so that means they are not soluble in water
This includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
Triglycerides(neutral fats)
Composed of glycerol, 3 fatty acid chains
Important for storage of energy, insulation, and shock absorption
Phospholipids
Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group(polar)
This is the main component of membranes
Steroids
Consists of four interlocking carbon rings with various side groups
Includes cholesterol steroid hormones
Proteins
Composed of C, H, O, and N(can also have sulfur and phosphorous)
Polymers built from 20 different amino acids
Amino acids
Are joined by peptide bonds (which are covalent) formed by dehydration synthesis
The four structural levels of protein?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, And quaternary
Primary level of protein
A linear sequence
Secondary level of protein
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary level of protein
Complex globular shape - 3-D
Quaternary level of protein
Two or more polypeptides
Proteins are classified of
Structural and functional
Structural proteins
Are fibrous
Stable and insoluble by water
Give mechanical support and strength
And example is collagen
Functional proteins
Are globular Less stable, H bonds break easily Water soluble -Candy nature and cease to function if their environment changes -Role as enzymes are important
Enzyme activity
Are Biological catalysts which increase rate of a specific chemical
Enzymes _______with specific substrate and _______the rate at which product is formed
React, increase
True or false
Enzymes act to decrease amount of energy needed for the reaction to proceed
True
Nucleic Acid
Composed of C, H, O, N , & P
Chains of nucleotides (monomères)
nucleotide=phosphate group + 5 Carbon sugar(pentose) + nitrogenous base
The two kinds of nucleic acid’s?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Is double stranded/Helix Sugar is deoxyribose N bases are A, T, G, C H bonds join N bases(rungs) Alternating sugar and phosphate form up rights of “ladder”
Ribonucleic acid
Single nucleotide chain
Sugar is ribose
N bases are A,C,G,U (U replaces T)
Are several types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
(All involved in protein synthesis)
Adenosine triphosphate a.k.a. A TP
The molecule that sells used to perform different kinds of work
Eg. muscle contractions
Consist of N-base adenine, 5 carbon sugars(ribose), and 3 phosphate groups
What can ATP be broken down into?
To adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
Releasing energy for cellular work
What can a ATP synthesized from?
ADP plus P, which requires energy and put from glucose break down
Hydrophobic
Water fearing Aka nonpolar
Monomers
Small-molecules
Polymers
Macromolecules
