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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The chemical level includes

A

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules

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2
Q

Chemistry is

A

Science Of structure and interactions of matter

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3
Q

Matter is

A

Anything that occupies space and remains constant

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4
Q

A solid

A

Has a definite volume and definite shape

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5
Q

A liquid

A

Has a definite volume and takes the shape of a container

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6
Q

A gas

A

Has no definite volume and no shape

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7
Q

Your weight:

A

Varies with force of gravity and example being you weigh nothing on the moon but your mass stays the same

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8
Q

There are how many chemicals symbols

A

118

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9
Q

How many elements are in the human body?

A

26

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10
Q

What elements make up 96% of the human body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

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11
Q

Each element is composed of ______.

A

Atoms

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12
Q

Atoms are a cluster of:

A

Subatomic particles

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13
Q

Subatomic particles include:

A

Protons – positive found in the nucleus, neutrons-no charge found in the nucleus
electrons-negative on the shells of an electron

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14
Q

Atomic number is the number of:

A

Protons

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15
Q

The atomic mass is the number of ________+__________

A

Protons and neutrons

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16
Q

Isotopes are

A

Atoms in an element that vary in the structure

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17
Q

Unstable isotopes are called

A

Radioactive

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18
Q

What can radioactive isotopes be used in the human body?

A

They can be used to observe and organs function, a scanner is used to detect omitted raised to determine if the function is normal.

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19
Q

The rose on the periodic table portray:

A

The number of electrons

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20
Q

The columns of the periodic table portray:

A

The group it belongs to and how many electrons are on the valance shell

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21
Q

An atom becomes an ion when:

A

It gains Or loses electrons

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22
Q

What are the two models of an atomic structure:

A

Orbital mode, and planetarium mode

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23
Q

True or false, atoms do not exist in a free state, but are combined with other atoms

A

True

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24
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms formed by the same or different elements that are joined by a chemical bond

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25
Q

What is a compound?

A

It is a substance formed when different elements bind

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26
Q

True or false, I’ll molecules are compounds

A

False

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27
Q

What does the molecular formula indicate?

A

The type and number of each element making up a molecule

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28
Q

Why are chemical bonds formed?

A

To complete the valance shell of electrons and to make it stable

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29
Q

What elements have full Valen shells?

A

Helium, Neon, argon

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30
Q

Where does reactivity of atoms come from?

A

Unpaired electrons in there valance shells

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31
Q

What is Octet rule?

A

Atoms tend interact to have eight valence electrons an atom is stable if it has eight electrons

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32
Q

An ionic bond

A

Formed by the transfer of electrons from one Atom to another

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33
Q

Cat ion

A

An atom that loses electrons thus making a positive

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34
Q

Anion

A

An atom that gains electrons thus making it negative

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35
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Formed by sharing pairs of electrons between two or more atoms so each outer shell is filled and electrons orbit around the molecule as a whole

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36
Q

A polar covalent bond is

A

A bond that is not shared equally between Atoms thus one side is more negative
Usually have a V-shaped Visual

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37
Q

A non-polar covalent bond is?

A

When atoms are shared equally between the atoms

Usually have a linear or symmetrical visual

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38
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of a nearby electronegative Atom

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39
Q

Where to hydrogen bonds form and are they strong or weak bonds?

A

They formed between DNA and proteins and our weak bonds

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40
Q

When does a chemical reaction occur?

A

Chemical reactions occur when bonds between Atoms are formed, broken, or rearranged

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41
Q

When balancing a Chemical reaction both sides of the equation must be _____.

A

Equal

42
Q

What is the basis for all chemical reactions?

A

Interactions of valance shells

43
Q

What are the two principal forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and potential

44
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to do work

45
Q

What is a catalyst and what does it do to reactions?

A

The catalyst is an enzyme and it speeds reactions by slowing activation energy.

46
Q

What are the four types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, oxidation-reduction

47
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

When two or more atoms ions, or small molecules together form a larger molecule. This is anabolic and energy using.

A+B=AB

48
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Large molecules broken down into smaller molecules, ions, or Atoms.
This is catabolic and energy releasing)
AB=A+B

49
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Involves synthesis and decomposition, we are parts of two different molecules trade positions with one another

AB+CD=AD BC

50
Q

Oxidation/reduction reaction

A

Produce ATP from food molecules

51
Q

In organic compounds

A

Lack carbon and are structurally simple

52
Q

Organic compounds

A

Always contain carbon and are formed by covalent bonds

53
Q

In organic compounds include

A

Water, salt, acid, bases

54
Q

Organic compounds contain

A

Carbon hydrogen and other elements

55
Q

In organic compounds/water

A

Water is the most important in organic compound.
It is a polar solvent and can dissolve most substances
Ask as a cushion/lubricates the body, has a high heat capacity as well

56
Q

Inorganic compounds/salts

A

When dissolved in the solution it breaks apart and gives A positive or negative but never H positive or OH negative

57
Q

In organic compounds/acids

A

One or more H+ ion and one or more negative ion is given when dissolved

58
Q

In organic compounds/bases

A

One or more hydroxyl ion( OH-)and one or more positive ion is given when dissolved

59
Q

Salt, acids, and bases all break down in water and give _______.

A

Electrolytes

60
Q

The pH scale

Values & change

A

Values from 0 to 14

Change in the pH unit is a 10 times change

61
Q

Ph of an acid

A

<7

H+

62
Q

Ph of a base

A

> 7

H+>OH-

63
Q

Neural Ph

A

=7

H+=OH-

64
Q

A buffer system________ change in Ph and helps maintain _________.

A

Minimizes, homeostasis

65
Q

Blood has a Ph of:

A

7.4

66
Q

Organic compound take up to ____-_____% of our body mass

A

30-40%

67
Q

If carbon has 4 valence shells how many shells does it need to become stable?

A

4

68
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of C, H, O
Can be sugar, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
It is the main source of chemical energy for metabolism

69
Q

Carbohydrates are classified by the number of sugars these are called:

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

70
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest with a general formula and example of this is glucose

71
Q

Disaccharide

A

Join by dehydration synthesis to join to monosaccharides an example of this is sucrose

72
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Is a large chain of many monosaccharides Joined together and example of this is glycogen

73
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose

74
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formulas, but Atoms are arranged differently

This can be shown in disaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.

75
Q

Lipids

A

Composed of C, H, and O, (just less O)
They are non-Polar so that means they are not soluble in water
This includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

76
Q

Triglycerides(neutral fats)

A

Composed of glycerol, 3 fatty acid chains

Important for storage of energy, insulation, and shock absorption

77
Q

Phospholipids

A

Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group(polar)
This is the main component of membranes

78
Q

Steroids

A

Consists of four interlocking carbon rings with various side groups
Includes cholesterol steroid hormones

79
Q

Proteins

A

Composed of C, H, O, and N(can also have sulfur and phosphorous)
Polymers built from 20 different amino acids

80
Q

Amino acids

A

Are joined by peptide bonds (which are covalent) formed by dehydration synthesis

81
Q

The four structural levels of protein?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, And quaternary

82
Q

Primary level of protein

A

A linear sequence

83
Q

Secondary level of protein

A

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

84
Q

Tertiary level of protein

A

Complex globular shape - 3-D

85
Q

Quaternary level of protein

A

Two or more polypeptides

86
Q

Proteins are classified of

A

Structural and functional

87
Q

Structural proteins

A

Are fibrous
Stable and insoluble by water
Give mechanical support and strength
And example is collagen

88
Q

Functional proteins

A 
Are globular
Less stable, H bonds break easily
Water soluble
-Candy nature and cease to function if their environment changes
-Role as enzymes are important
89
Q

Enzyme activity

A

Are Biological catalysts which increase rate of a specific chemical

90
Q

Enzymes _______with specific substrate and _______the rate at which product is formed

A

React, increase

91
Q

True or false

Enzymes act to decrease amount of energy needed for the reaction to proceed

A

True

92
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Composed of C, H, O, N , & P
Chains of nucleotides (monomères)
nucleotide=phosphate group + 5 Carbon sugar(pentose) + nitrogenous base

93
Q

The two kinds of nucleic acid’s?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid

94
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A 
Is double stranded/Helix
Sugar is deoxyribose
N bases are A, T, G, C
H bonds join N bases(rungs)
Alternating sugar and phosphate form up rights of “ladder”
95
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

Single nucleotide chain
Sugar is ribose
N bases are A,C,G,U (U replaces T)

Are several types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
(All involved in protein synthesis)

96
Q

Adenosine triphosphate a.k.a. A TP

A

The molecule that sells used to perform different kinds of work
Eg. muscle contractions
Consist of N-base adenine, 5 carbon sugars(ribose), and 3 phosphate groups

97
Q

What can ATP be broken down into?

A

To adenosine diphosphate (ADP),

Releasing energy for cellular work

98
Q

What can a ATP synthesized from?

A

ADP plus P, which requires energy and put from glucose break down

99
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing Aka nonpolar

100
Q

Monomers

A

Small-molecules

101
Q

Polymers

A

Macromolecules

Human Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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