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AP > Chapter 3 Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a cell

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

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2
Q

Flexible outer surface, separates internal and external environment

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

all cellular elements between the Plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

fluid portion of the cell , water dissolved solutes and suspended particles

A

cytosol

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5
Q

variety of little organs with various functions, responsible for cell growth, maintenance and reproduction

A

organelles

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6
Q

houses DNA

A

nucleus

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of Lipid Bilayer

A

Phospholipid (75%), cholesterol (20%) glycolipids (5%)

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8
Q

made up of 2 fatty acid “tails” attached to a phosphate group “head”

A

phospholipds

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9
Q

points inward and join internally

A

tails

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10
Q

points outward towards fluids

A

head

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10
Q

Hyrdrophobic

A

dislikes water (non polar)

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11
Q

hydrophilic

A

likes water (polar)

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12
Q

long chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules

A

fatty acids

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13
Q

act as transporters, channels and receptors

A

proteins

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14
Q

allow a specific ion to move through the membrane

A

ion channels

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15
Q

transports specific substances across membrane

A

transporters

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16
Q

recognize and bind specific substances that alter cell function

A

receptors

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17
Q

catalyze reactions inside or outside cell

A

enzymes

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18
Q

what do cell identity markers do?

A

distinguish self from non self

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19
Q

anchor inside or outside of cell providing shape and stablility

A

cytoskeleton anchors/ linkers

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20
Q

Proteins “float” in a sea of lipids

A

fluid mosaic model

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21
Q

DNA wound around proteins into long stands

A

chromatin

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22
Q

cell division, bar shaped

A

chromosomes

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23
Q

double membrane that separate the nucleus from cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

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24
Q

opening in nuclear envelope, allows movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

nuclear pores

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25
Q

where ribosomes are made

A

nucleolus

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26
Q

site of protein synthesis, made in the nucleolus

A

ribosomes

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27
Q

network of folded membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope that extend throughout the cytoplasm. help modify, store, and transport products for use inside and outside of cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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28
Q

with attached ribosomes, combine proteins made by ribosomes with other substances

A

rough ER

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29
Q

does not have ribosomes, synthesis of fatty acid and steroids

A

smooth ER

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30
Q

for packing, processing sorting, and delivering proteins and lipids that arrive from the ER, is also a major organelle, looks like flatten flap jacks

A

gogi apparatus

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31
Q

small fluid- filled sac inside or outside a cell, transport cells

A

vesicle

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32
Q

cell process that moves large molecules and waste out of a cell into an extracellular space

A

exocytosis

33
Q

powerhouse cell, site for making ATP

A

mitochondria

34
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

ATP (energy source for cell)

35
Q

what is the Structure of Mitochondria

A

double membrane, inner membrane has folds called cristae, and matrix

36
Q

provide increased surface area for chemical reactions of cellular respiration to make ATP…. folded…

A

cristae

37
Q

large central fluid filled cavity within the inner membrane

A

matrix

38
Q

packages of digestive enzymes, used to digest engulfed materials such as worn out organelles, pathogens or even to kill the cell itself

A

lysosomes

39
Q

create toxic hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct, contain several oxidases enzymes that oxidize various organic substances

A

peroixomes

40
Q

gives cell structure, does all the movement to cell division

A

cytoskeleton

41
Q

coordinated wave like pattern of beating, steady movement of fluid along cell surface, numerous short projections

A

cilia

42
Q

one long whip like tail, steady movement of fluid along cell surface

A

flagella

43
Q

substances produced by cells found in the cytosol that are not bound by a membrane (nutrients)

A

inclusions

44
Q

how substances can move across the plasma membrane into or out of a cell

A

transport mechanisms

45
Q

some substances can move directly through plasma membrane while others cannot move

A

semipermeable

46
Q

acts as channels to a variety of substances that cannot cross the lipid barrier, selective to what they can transport

A

transmembrane proteins

47
Q

does not require energy,

A

Passive Transport Mechanisms

48
Q

random mixing of solutes due to their kinetic energy

A

diffusion

49
Q

diffusion causes them to move from areas where they are high in concentration to areas where that are in lower concentration

A

concentration gradient

50
Q

when substance is of equal concentration

A

equilibrium

51
Q

substances can not pass through the plasma membrane can diffuse down their concentration gradients through the use of a protein carrier or channel “the protein carrier/channel helps this process

A

facilitated diffusion

52
Q

diffusion of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

53
Q

solute concentration of a solution that surrounds a cell, determines if water will move into or out of a cell, causing it to shrink or swell

A

tonicity

54
Q

solution has the same solute concentration as inside of the cell no net movement of water, cell shape stays normal

A

isotonic

55
Q

high solute concentration, causes cell to shrink

A

hypertonic

56
Q

low solute concentration, causing cell to swell or burst

A

hypotonic

57
Q

requires energy because you are moving a substance against its concentration gradient (from area of low concentration to area of high concentration)

A

primary active transports

58
Q

required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transports, moves substance against its concentration gradient

A

secondary active transports

59
Q

brings in materials

A

endocytosis

60
Q

substances bind with receptors on the cell surface, then is brought into the cell by forming a vesicle

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

61
Q

solid particles are brought into the cell by enveloping the substance with pseudopods and then forming vesicle around it, cell eating

A

phagocytosis

62
Q

false legs and feet

A

pseudopods

63
Q

fluids are brought into the cell by forming a vesicle around them, cell drinking

A

pinocytosis

64
Q

move materials out, a vesicle containing a substances fuse with the cell membrane, secreting material into the extracellular fluid (spitting out)

A

exocytosis

65
Q

cell division, results when two identical cells with full copies of DNA

A

mitosis

66
Q

sex cells, half a set of DNA

A

meiosis

67
Q

what happens during Interphase

A

preparation for cell division and normal cell activities

68
Q

cells are at normal activity

A

G1 Phase

69
Q

DNA is replicated so that there are two sets of chromosomes

A

s phase

70
Q

preparation for cell division

A

G2 Phase

71
Q

mitosis + cytokinesis

A

M phase

72
Q

what are the four phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

73
Q

DNA condenses into x-shaped chromosomes, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear (what phase)

A

prophase

74
Q

chromosomes line up along the cell equator

A

metaphase

75
Q

x-shaped chromosomes separate at the center and each set of chromosomes is pulled towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers ( type of phase)

A

anaphase

76
Q

nuclear membrane reform and nucleoli reappear, spindle fibers break down (phase)

A

telophase

77
Q

two new daughter cells are physically separated from one another, not part of mitosis

A

cytokinesis

78
Q

what is the major function of the Golgi apparatus

A

modifying, sorting and packing proteins for secretionc

79
Q

organelles used in cell division that produce spindle fibers that move chromosomes, move towards opposite end of cell and spindle fibers begin to form

A

centrioles

AP (3 decks)

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