Chapter 3 Cells Flashcards
What are the 3 main parts of a cell
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
Flexible outer surface, separates internal and external environment
plasma membrane
all cellular elements between the Plasma membrane and the nucleus
cytoplasm
fluid portion of the cell , water dissolved solutes and suspended particles
cytosol
variety of little organs with various functions, responsible for cell growth, maintenance and reproduction
organelles
houses DNA
nucleus
What are the 3 types of Lipid Bilayer
Phospholipid (75%), cholesterol (20%) glycolipids (5%)
made up of 2 fatty acid “tails” attached to a phosphate group “head”
phospholipds
points inward and join internally
tails
points outward towards fluids
head
Hyrdrophobic
dislikes water (non polar)
hydrophilic
likes water (polar)
long chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules
fatty acids
act as transporters, channels and receptors
proteins
allow a specific ion to move through the membrane
ion channels
transports specific substances across membrane
transporters
recognize and bind specific substances that alter cell function
receptors
catalyze reactions inside or outside cell
enzymes
what do cell identity markers do?
distinguish self from non self
anchor inside or outside of cell providing shape and stablility
cytoskeleton anchors/ linkers
Proteins “float” in a sea of lipids
fluid mosaic model
DNA wound around proteins into long stands
chromatin
cell division, bar shaped
chromosomes
double membrane that separate the nucleus from cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
opening in nuclear envelope, allows movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pores
where ribosomes are made
nucleolus
site of protein synthesis, made in the nucleolus
ribosomes
network of folded membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope that extend throughout the cytoplasm. help modify, store, and transport products for use inside and outside of cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
with attached ribosomes, combine proteins made by ribosomes with other substances
rough ER
does not have ribosomes, synthesis of fatty acid and steroids
smooth ER
for packing, processing sorting, and delivering proteins and lipids that arrive from the ER, is also a major organelle, looks like flatten flap jacks
gogi apparatus
small fluid- filled sac inside or outside a cell, transport cells
vesicle
cell process that moves large molecules and waste out of a cell into an extracellular space
exocytosis
powerhouse cell, site for making ATP
mitochondria
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP (energy source for cell)
what is the Structure of Mitochondria
double membrane, inner membrane has folds called cristae, and matrix
provide increased surface area for chemical reactions of cellular respiration to make ATP…. folded…
cristae
large central fluid filled cavity within the inner membrane
matrix
packages of digestive enzymes, used to digest engulfed materials such as worn out organelles, pathogens or even to kill the cell itself
lysosomes
create toxic hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct, contain several oxidases enzymes that oxidize various organic substances
peroixomes
gives cell structure, does all the movement to cell division
cytoskeleton
coordinated wave like pattern of beating, steady movement of fluid along cell surface, numerous short projections
cilia
one long whip like tail, steady movement of fluid along cell surface
flagella
substances produced by cells found in the cytosol that are not bound by a membrane (nutrients)
inclusions
how substances can move across the plasma membrane into or out of a cell
transport mechanisms
some substances can move directly through plasma membrane while others cannot move
semipermeable
acts as channels to a variety of substances that cannot cross the lipid barrier, selective to what they can transport
transmembrane proteins
does not require energy,
Passive Transport Mechanisms
random mixing of solutes due to their kinetic energy
diffusion
diffusion causes them to move from areas where they are high in concentration to areas where that are in lower concentration
concentration gradient
when substance is of equal concentration
equilibrium
substances can not pass through the plasma membrane can diffuse down their concentration gradients through the use of a protein carrier or channel “the protein carrier/channel helps this process
facilitated diffusion
diffusion of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
solute concentration of a solution that surrounds a cell, determines if water will move into or out of a cell, causing it to shrink or swell
tonicity
solution has the same solute concentration as inside of the cell no net movement of water, cell shape stays normal
isotonic
high solute concentration, causes cell to shrink
hypertonic
low solute concentration, causing cell to swell or burst
hypotonic
requires energy because you are moving a substance against its concentration gradient (from area of low concentration to area of high concentration)
primary active transports
required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transports, moves substance against its concentration gradient
secondary active transports
brings in materials
endocytosis
substances bind with receptors on the cell surface, then is brought into the cell by forming a vesicle
receptor mediated endocytosis
solid particles are brought into the cell by enveloping the substance with pseudopods and then forming vesicle around it, cell eating
phagocytosis
false legs and feet
pseudopods
fluids are brought into the cell by forming a vesicle around them, cell drinking
pinocytosis
move materials out, a vesicle containing a substances fuse with the cell membrane, secreting material into the extracellular fluid (spitting out)
exocytosis
cell division, results when two identical cells with full copies of DNA
mitosis
sex cells, half a set of DNA
meiosis
what happens during Interphase
preparation for cell division and normal cell activities
cells are at normal activity
G1 Phase
DNA is replicated so that there are two sets of chromosomes
s phase
preparation for cell division
G2 Phase
mitosis + cytokinesis
M phase
what are the four phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
DNA condenses into x-shaped chromosomes, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear (what phase)
prophase
chromosomes line up along the cell equator
metaphase
x-shaped chromosomes separate at the center and each set of chromosomes is pulled towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers ( type of phase)
anaphase
nuclear membrane reform and nucleoli reappear, spindle fibers break down (phase)
telophase
two new daughter cells are physically separated from one another, not part of mitosis
cytokinesis
what is the major function of the Golgi apparatus
modifying, sorting and packing proteins for secretionc
organelles used in cell division that produce spindle fibers that move chromosomes, move towards opposite end of cell and spindle fibers begin to form
centrioles
