Chapter 3 Cells Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 main parts of a cell
A
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
2
Q
Flexible outer surface, separates internal and external environment
A
plasma membrane
3
Q
all cellular elements between the Plasma membrane and the nucleus
A
cytoplasm
4
Q
fluid portion of the cell , water dissolved solutes and suspended particles
A
cytosol
5
Q
variety of little organs with various functions, responsible for cell growth, maintenance and reproduction
A
organelles
6
Q
houses DNA
A
nucleus
7
Q
What are the 3 types of Lipid Bilayer
A
Phospholipid (75%), cholesterol (20%) glycolipids (5%)
8
Q
made up of 2 fatty acid “tails” attached to a phosphate group “head”
A
phospholipds
9
Q
points inward and join internally
A
tails
10
Q
points outward towards fluids
A
head
10
Q
Hyrdrophobic
A
dislikes water (non polar)
11
Q
hydrophilic
A
likes water (polar)
12
Q
long chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules
A
fatty acids
13
Q
act as transporters, channels and receptors
A
proteins
14
Q
allow a specific ion to move through the membrane
A
ion channels
15
Q
transports specific substances across membrane
A
transporters
16
Q
recognize and bind specific substances that alter cell function
A
receptors
17
Q
catalyze reactions inside or outside cell
A
enzymes
18
Q
what do cell identity markers do?
A
distinguish self from non self
19
Q
anchor inside or outside of cell providing shape and stablility
A
cytoskeleton anchors/ linkers
20
Q
Proteins “float” in a sea of lipids
A
fluid mosaic model
21
Q
DNA wound around proteins into long stands
A
chromatin
22
Q
cell division, bar shaped
A
chromosomes
23
Q
double membrane that separate the nucleus from cytoplasm
A
nuclear envelope
24
opening in nuclear envelope, allows movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pores
25
where ribosomes are made
nucleolus
26
site of protein synthesis, made in the nucleolus
ribosomes
27
network of folded membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope that extend throughout the cytoplasm. help modify, store, and transport products for use inside and outside of cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
28
with attached ribosomes, combine proteins made by ribosomes with other substances
rough ER
29
does not have ribosomes, synthesis of fatty acid and steroids
smooth ER
30
for packing, processing sorting, and delivering proteins and lipids that arrive from the ER, is also a major organelle, looks like flatten flap jacks
gogi apparatus
31
small fluid- filled sac inside or outside a cell, transport cells
vesicle
32
cell process that moves large molecules and waste out of a cell into an extracellular space
exocytosis
33
powerhouse cell, site for making ATP
mitochondria
34
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP (energy source for cell)
35
what is the Structure of Mitochondria
double membrane, inner membrane has folds called cristae, and matrix
36
provide increased surface area for chemical reactions of cellular respiration to make ATP.... folded...
cristae
37
large central fluid filled cavity within the inner membrane
matrix
38
packages of digestive enzymes, used to digest engulfed materials such as worn out organelles, pathogens or even to kill the cell itself
lysosomes
39
create toxic hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct, contain several oxidases enzymes that oxidize various organic substances
peroixomes
40
gives cell structure, does all the movement to cell division
cytoskeleton
41
coordinated wave like pattern of beating, steady movement of fluid along cell surface, numerous short projections
cilia
42
one long whip like tail, steady movement of fluid along cell surface
flagella
43
substances produced by cells found in the cytosol that are not bound by a membrane (nutrients)
inclusions
44
how substances can move across the plasma membrane into or out of a cell
transport mechanisms
45
some substances can move directly through plasma membrane while others cannot move
semipermeable
46
acts as channels to a variety of substances that cannot cross the lipid barrier, selective to what they can transport
transmembrane proteins
47
does not require energy,
Passive Transport Mechanisms
48
random mixing of solutes due to their kinetic energy
diffusion
49
diffusion causes them to move from areas where they are high in concentration to areas where that are in lower concentration
concentration gradient
50
when substance is of equal concentration
equilibrium
51
substances can not pass through the plasma membrane can diffuse down their concentration gradients through the use of a protein carrier or channel "the protein carrier/channel helps this process
facilitated diffusion
52
diffusion of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
53
solute concentration of a solution that surrounds a cell, determines if water will move into or out of a cell, causing it to shrink or swell
tonicity
54
solution has the same solute concentration as inside of the cell no net movement of water, cell shape stays normal
isotonic
55
high solute concentration, causes cell to shrink
hypertonic
56
low solute concentration, causing cell to swell or burst
hypotonic
57
requires energy because you are moving a substance against its concentration gradient (from area of low concentration to area of high concentration)
primary active transports
58
required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transports, moves substance against its concentration gradient
secondary active transports
59
brings in materials
endocytosis
60
substances bind with receptors on the cell surface, then is brought into the cell by forming a vesicle
receptor mediated endocytosis
61
solid particles are brought into the cell by enveloping the substance with pseudopods and then forming vesicle around it, cell eating
phagocytosis
62
false legs and feet
pseudopods
63
fluids are brought into the cell by forming a vesicle around them, cell drinking
pinocytosis
64
move materials out, a vesicle containing a substances fuse with the cell membrane, secreting material into the extracellular fluid (spitting out)
exocytosis
65
cell division, results when two identical cells with full copies of DNA
mitosis
66
sex cells, half a set of DNA
meiosis
67
what happens during Interphase
preparation for cell division and normal cell activities
68
cells are at normal activity
G1 Phase
69
DNA is replicated so that there are two sets of chromosomes
s phase
70
preparation for cell division
G2 Phase
71
mitosis + cytokinesis
M phase
72
what are the four phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
73
DNA condenses into x-shaped chromosomes, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear (what phase)
prophase
74
chromosomes line up along the cell equator
metaphase
75
x-shaped chromosomes separate at the center and each set of chromosomes is pulled towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers ( type of phase)
anaphase
76
nuclear membrane reform and nucleoli reappear, spindle fibers break down (phase)
telophase
77
two new daughter cells are physically separated from one another, not part of mitosis
cytokinesis
78
what is the major function of the Golgi apparatus
modifying, sorting and packing proteins for secretionc
79
organelles used in cell division that produce spindle fibers that move chromosomes, move towards opposite end of cell and spindle fibers begin to form
centrioles
