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Micro > Chapter 3: Cell Structure And Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure And Function Flashcards

0
Q

In the early 20th century, the cell was envisioned as a…

A

Bag of soup full of floating ribosomes and enzymes

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1
Q

3 shared bacterial traits:

A
  1. Thick, complex outer envelope
  2. Compact genome
  3. Tightly coordinated cell functions
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2
Q

________ consists of a gel-like network

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

______ encloses the cytoplasm

A

The cell membrane

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4
Q

______ covers the cell membrane

A

Cell wall

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5
Q

What is the non-membrane bound area of the cytoplasm that contains the chromosome in the form of looped coils?

A

The nucleoid

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6
Q

External helical filament whose rotary motor propels the cell

A

Flagellum

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7
Q

What must first take place in order to isolate and study cell parts?

A

Cell fractionation

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8
Q

4 types of cell fractionation

A
  1. Mild detergent
  2. Sonication
  3. Enzymes
  4. Mechanical disruption
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9
Q

A key tool of subcellular fractionation is the….

A

Ultracentrifuge

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10
Q

What does centrifugation do?

A

Separates particles by size

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11
Q

Chemical components shared by all cells:

A
  1. Water
  2. Essential ions
  3. Small organic molecules
  4. Macromolecules
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12
Q

The structure that defines the existence of a cell is the…

A

Cell membrane

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13
Q

Membranes have approximately equal parts of…

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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14
Q

A phospholipid consists of…

A

Glycerol with ester links to two fatty acids and a phosphoryl head group

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15
Q

The two layers of phospholipids in the bilayer are called…

A

Leaflets

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16
Q

Membrane protein function:

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Detection of environmental signals
  3. Secretion of virulence factors and communication signals
  4. Ion transport and energy storage
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17
Q

Small molecules such as ___ and ___ easily permeate the membrane by _______.

A

O2; CO2; diffusion

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane

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19
Q

Protein transporters are needed to…

A

Transport polar and charged molecules across the cell membrane

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20
Q

Molecules move along their concentration gradient in

A

Passive transport

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21
Q

Molecules move against their concentration gradient in

A

Active transport

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22
Q

In eukaryotic membranes, the reinforcing agents are ______, such as ______.

A

Sterols; cholesterol

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23
Q

Hopanes/hopanoids

A

Membrane-reinforcing agents in bacteria

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24
Q

Ether links between glycerol and fatty acids are in…

A

Archaea

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25
Q

In Archaea, hydrocarbon chains are branched…

A

Terpenoids

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26
Q

The most common structural support is the

A

Cell wall

27
Q

The bacterial cell wall, or ______, consists of…

A

Sacculus; a single interlinked molecule

28
Q

Most bacterial cell walls are made of…

A

Peptidoglycan (or murein)

29
Q

Peptidoglycan consists of:

A
  1. Long polymers of two disaccharides

2. These are bound to peptides of 4 to 6 amino acids

30
Q

Why are the enzymes responsible for peptidoglycan biosynthesis excellent targets for antibiotics?

A

Peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria

31
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

It inhibits the transpeptidase that cross-links the peptides

32
Q

How does vancomycin work?

A

It prevents cross-bridge formation by binding to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide

33
Q

How does the widespread use of antibiotics effect microbes?

A

It selects for evolution of resistant strains

34
Q

The _____-______ bacteria have multiple layers of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-positive

35
Q

Composition of the capsule:

A
  1. Polysaccharides

2. Glycoproteins

36
Q

Function of the capsule:

A

Protects cell from phagocytosis

37
Q

Is the capsule found in gram-p or gram-n cells?

A

Both

38
Q

An additional protective layer commonly found in free-living bacteria and archaea

A

S-layer

39
Q

S-layer composition:

A

Crystalline layer of thick subunits consisting of protein or glycoprotein

40
Q

How much peptidoglycan is in a gram-negative cell?

A

Thin layer of 1 or 2 sheets

41
Q

What are lipopolysaccharides?

A

Lipids in the outer facing leaflet of gram-n cells that are toxic when released from the cell membrane

42
Q

Where are the lipoproteins in gram-n bacteria?

A

On the inner leaflet

43
Q

What does the outer membrane do in gram-n bacteria?

A

It confers defensive abilities and toxigenic properties on many pathogens

44
Q

What is FtsZ?

A

A protein that gives bacteria the z-ring

45
Q

MreB

A

Forms a coil inside rod-shaped cells

46
Q

CreS

A

“Crescentin” - forms a polymer along the inner side of a crescent-shaped bactera

47
Q

In bact. that appear superficially symmetrical, polar differences may appear at…

A

Cell division

48
Q

Extensively folded intracellular membranes used for photosynthesis

A

Thylakoids

49
Q

Bacterial structures that help control buoyancy

A

Gas vesicles

50
Q

Carboxysomes

A

Polyhedral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation

51
Q

What do bacteria use sulfur for?

A

Oxidation

52
Q

What are glycogen, phb, and pha used for and where are they stored?

A

Energy; in the storage granules

53
Q

Orient the swimming of magnetotactic bacteria

A

Magnetosomes

54
Q

Straight filaments of pilin protein

A

Pili or fimbriae

55
Q

Membrane-embedded extensions of the cytoplasm

A

Stalks

56
Q

What do stalks do?

A

Secrete adhesion factors called holdfasts

57
Q

Intercellular connections that pass material from one cell to the next

A

Nanotubes

58
Q

The type of cell that has flagella randomly distributed

A

Peritrichous

59
Q

Have a single flagella

A

Monotrichous

60
Q

Have flagella at the ends

A

Lophotrichous

61
Q

Each flagellum is a spiral filament of protein monomers called..

A

Flagellin

62
Q

The flagellum is rotated by a motor driven by…

A

The proton motive force

63
Q

The movement of a bacteria in response to chemical gradients

A

Chemotaxis

64
Q

Repellents cause ____ rotation

A

CW

65
Q

Attractants cause _____ rotation

A

CCW

66
Q

Alternating runs and tumbles cause a

A

Random walk

Micro (5 decks)

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