Chapter 3: Carbon & The Molecular Diversity Of Life

Question 0

Name all 7 functional (chemical) groups.

Answer 0

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, and Methyl

Question 1

Carbon has a valence of how many electrons?

Answer 1

4

Question 2

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) can react with _______, releasing energy.

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

Monomers form larger molecules by ____________, in which water molecules are released.

Answer 3

Dehydration Reactions

Question 4

Polymers can disassemble to smaller molecules by________.

Answer 4

Hydrolysis

Question 5

In cells, dehydration reactions and hydrolysis are catalyzed by _______.

Answer 5

Enzymes

Question 6

In what way does Methyl group differ from the other six functional groups?

Answer 6

It is not reactive; Non-polar

Question 7

Disaccharides are joined by a _____ bond.

Answer 7

Covalent

Question 8

How are polysaccharide building blocks joined together?

Answer 8

Dehydration reactions

Question 9

Monosaccharides have a molecular formula ratio of:

Answer 9

1:2:1

Question 10

The shape of a monosaccharide with 5 or 6 Carbon sugars is:

Answer 10

A Ring!

Question 11

All sugar molecules have which two chemical groups?

Answer 11

Carbonyl and Hydroxyl

Question 12

Cells get energy from glucose by which process?

Answer 12

Cellular Respiration

Question 13

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides are linked together by ________ linkages

Answer 13

Glycosidic

Question 14

Glycosidic Linkage is a covalent bond created by ________.

Answer 14

Dehydration

Question 15

What two monomers create sucrose?

Answer 15

Glucose and fructose

Question 16

What chemical group is most likely responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

Answer 16

Hydroxyl

Question 17

Unsaturated fats have what atom missing, creating a kink in the fatty acid tail?

Answer 17

Hydrogen

Question 18

A “kink” in an unsaturated fat is due to:

Answer 18

One less hydrogen on the hydrocarbon skeleton; has one or more double bonds (C=O)

Question 19

Phospholipids have 1 glycerol and __ fatty acids?

Answer 19

2

Question 20

Polysaccharides can be used for _______ and ______.

Answer 20

Storage and Structure

Question 21

A very important polysaccharide used for Structure in plant cells is called:

Answer 21

Cellulose

Question 22

Which lipid is a major constituent of cell membranes?

Answer 22

Phospholipids

Question 23

Structure of Phospholipids in order of placement:

Fatty Acid>
_______>
_______>
Smaller molecule.

Answer 23

Fatty acid
Glycerol
Phosphate group
Small molecule

Question 24

In fats, what bonds Carboxyl and Hydroxyl groups?

Answer 24

Ester Linkage

Question 25

Cholesterol is a type of _______.

Answer 25

Steroid

Question 26

Steroids molecule looks like:

Answer 26

4 fused rings!

Question 27

Where are sex hormones estrogen and testosterone synthesized?

Answer 27

Cholesterol

Question 28

Name the 8 functions of proteins.

Answer 28

``` Storage Hormonal Enzymatic Contractile/motor Defensive Receptor Structural Transport ```

Question 29

Proteins are made of polymers of amino acids called______.

Answer 29

Polypeptides

Question 30

Name the 4 components of the Amino acid formula.

Answer 30

Alpha Carbon Amino Group Carboxyl Group "R" Group

Question 31

"R" group in amino acids stands for the ________, while the N-terminus through the C Terminus stands for the ________.

Answer 31

Side Chains, backbone

Question 32

What causes peptides to bond in polypeptides?

Answer 32

Peptide bonds

Question 33

What are the 4 Levels of structure in proteins? What do they look like?

Answer 33

Primary-linear Secondary- helix or pleated sheets Tertiary-ribbon Quaternary-pig tails! lol...or a bunch of ribbons together

Question 34

What component determines the chemical nature of a polypeptide?

Answer 34

The side chains, or "R" groups

Question 35

______bonds hold secondary level of protein structures together.

Answer 35

Hydrogen

Question 36

The ribbon shape to a tertiary protein structure is due to:

Answer 36

Interaction between "R" groups

Question 37

Name the 4 different bonds that stabilize a tertiary structure to a protein.

Answer 37

Hydrogen bond Ionic bond Van der Waals Disulfide bridge

Question 38

Name two reasons why a protein can become "denatured"

Answer 38

Environmental/chemical change And Heat

Question 39

A denatured protein is:

Answer 39

Inactive

Question 40

What's the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 40

DNA has lost an oxygen atom

Question 41

What type of RNA is responsible for protein synthesis?

Answer 41

mRNA

Question 42

Where are polypeptides produced in a cell?

Answer 42

Ribosome

Question 43

Purines and Pyrimadines How many rings do each of these nitrogenous bases have? What are their names?

Answer 43

Purine-2 rings (1 pentagon, 1 hexagon) Pyrimadine-1 ring (hexagon) Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimadines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Question 44

DNA or RNA? Thymine

Answer 44

DNA

Question 45

DNA or RNA? Uracil

Answer 45

RNA

Question 46

Nucleotide structure includes these groups in its structural order:

Answer 46

Phosphate group> Sugar Nitrogen base

Question 47

What is a nucleoside?

Answer 47

A portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

Question 48

Nucleotide polymers are joined together by:

Answer 48

Phophodiester linkages