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Biology > Chapter 3: Carbon & The Molecular Diversity Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Carbon & The Molecular Diversity Of Life Flashcards

0
Q

Name all 7 functional (chemical) groups.

A

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, and Methyl

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1
Q

Carbon has a valence of how many electrons?

A

4

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2
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) can react with _______, releasing energy.

A

Water

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3
Q

Monomers form larger molecules by ____________, in which water molecules are released.

A

Dehydration Reactions

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4
Q

Polymers can disassemble to smaller molecules by________.

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

In cells, dehydration reactions and hydrolysis are catalyzed by _______.

A

Enzymes

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6
Q

In what way does Methyl group differ from the other six functional groups?

A

It is not reactive; Non-polar

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7
Q

Disaccharides are joined by a _____ bond.

A

Covalent

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8
Q

How are polysaccharide building blocks joined together?

A

Dehydration reactions

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9
Q

Monosaccharides have a molecular formula ratio of:

A

1:2:1

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10
Q

The shape of a monosaccharide with 5 or 6 Carbon sugars is:

A

A Ring!

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11
Q

All sugar molecules have which two chemical groups?

A

Carbonyl and Hydroxyl

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12
Q

Cells get energy from glucose by which process?

A

Cellular Respiration

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13
Q

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides are linked together by ________ linkages

A

Glycosidic

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14
Q

Glycosidic Linkage is a covalent bond created by ________.

A

Dehydration

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15
Q

What two monomers create sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

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16
Q

What chemical group is most likely responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

A

Hydroxyl

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17
Q

Unsaturated fats have what atom missing, creating a kink in the fatty acid tail?

A

Hydrogen

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18
Q

A “kink” in an unsaturated fat is due to:

A

One less hydrogen on the hydrocarbon skeleton; has one or more double bonds (C=O)

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19
Q

Phospholipids have 1 glycerol and __ fatty acids?

A

2

20
Q

Polysaccharides can be used for _______ and ______.

A

Storage and Structure

21
Q

A very important polysaccharide used for Structure in plant cells is called:

A

Cellulose

22
Q

Which lipid is a major constituent of cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

23
Q

Structure of Phospholipids in order of placement:

Fatty Acid>
_______>
_______>
Smaller molecule.

A

Fatty acid
Glycerol
Phosphate group
Small molecule

24
Q

In fats, what bonds Carboxyl and Hydroxyl groups?

A

Ester Linkage

25
Q

Cholesterol is a type of _______.

A

Steroid

26
Q

Steroids molecule looks like:

A

4 fused rings!

27
Q

Where are sex hormones estrogen and testosterone synthesized?

A

Cholesterol

28
Q

Name the 8 functions of proteins.

A 
Storage
Hormonal
Enzymatic
Contractile/motor
Defensive
Receptor
Structural
Transport
29
Q

Proteins are made of polymers of amino acids called______.

A

Polypeptides

30
Q

Name the 4 components of the Amino acid formula.

A

Alpha Carbon
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
“R” Group

31
Q

“R” group in amino acids stands for the ________, while the N-terminus through the C Terminus stands for the ________.

A

Side Chains, backbone

32
Q

What causes peptides to bond in polypeptides?

A

Peptide bonds

33
Q

What are the 4 Levels of structure in proteins? What do they look like?

A

Primary-linear
Secondary- helix or pleated sheets
Tertiary-ribbon
Quaternary-pig tails! lol…or a bunch of ribbons together

34
Q

What component determines the chemical nature of a polypeptide?

A

The side chains, or “R” groups

35
Q

______bonds hold secondary level of protein structures together.

A

Hydrogen

36
Q

The ribbon shape to a tertiary protein structure is due to:

A

Interaction between “R” groups

37
Q

Name the 4 different bonds that stabilize a tertiary structure to a protein.

A

Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Van der Waals
Disulfide bridge

38
Q

Name two reasons why a protein can become “denatured”

A

Environmental/chemical change
And
Heat

39
Q

A denatured protein is:

A

Inactive

40
Q

What’s the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA has lost an oxygen atom

41
Q

What type of RNA is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

mRNA

42
Q

Where are polypeptides produced in a cell?

A

Ribosome

43
Q

Purines and Pyrimadines

How many rings do each of these nitrogenous bases have?

What are their names?

A

Purine-2 rings (1 pentagon, 1 hexagon)
Pyrimadine-1 ring (hexagon)

Purines: Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimadines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

44
Q

DNA or RNA?

Thymine

A

DNA

45
Q

DNA or RNA?

Uracil

A

RNA

46
Q

Nucleotide structure includes these groups in its structural order:

A

Phosphate group>
Sugar
Nitrogen base

47
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

A portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

48
Q

Nucleotide polymers are joined together by:

A

Phophodiester linkages

Biology (7 decks)

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