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General Psychology > Chapter 3 Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Biological Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Brain cells that specialize in communication.

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2
Q

Glial cells

A

Provide structural support to neurons.

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other cells.

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4
Q

Soma

A

Neuron’s metabolic center.

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5
Q

Axon

A

Long fiber that extends from the cell’s body and transmits information.

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6
Q

Axon terminal

A

Knob at the end of the axon that contains synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that allow neuron-to-neuron communication.

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8
Q

The direction of neural transmission:

A

Dendrites -> soma -> axon -> terminal button -> synapse -> dendrite

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9
Q

Excitatory messages

A

Cell loses the negative charge (depolarization).

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10
Q

Inhibitory messages

A

Cell becomes more negatively charged (hyperpolarization).

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11
Q

Chemical Communication

A

Some NTs excite the nervous system, whereas other NTs inhibit the nervous system.

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12
Q

The most common NTs in the central system

A

Glutamate and GABA.

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13
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Influences arousal, selective attention, sleep, and memory.

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14
Q

Drugs that interact with neurotransmitter systems are called:

A

Psychoactive

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15
Q

Agonists

A

Increase NT activity.

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16
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease in NT activity.

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17
Q

Opioids

A

Mimic endorphins.

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18
Q

Alcohol, Xanax

A

Stimulate GABA receptors.

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19
Q

Prozac, Paxil

A

Block serotonin reuptake.

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20
Q

Cocaine

A

Blocks dopamine reuptake.

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21
Q
  1. Somatic nervous system
A

Conveys information between the CNS and the body.

22
Q
  1. Autonomic nervous system
A

Controls the involuntary actions of internal organs and glands.

23
Q

Sympathetic

A

Prepares the body for action: “fight or flight”.

24
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Controls rest and digestion.

25
Q

Hindbrain

A

Basic life support

26
Q

Midbrain

A

Relay station

27
Q

Forebrain

A

Higher mental functions

28
Q

Cerebellum

A

Plays a predominant role in our sense of balance.

29
Q

Pons

A

Connects the cortex to the cerebellum and triggers dreams.

30
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates breathing, heartbeat, and other vital functions.

31
Q

Gray matter

A

Composed of somas and dendrites.

32
Q

White matter

A

Composed of myelinated axons.

33
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Oversee and organize most other brain functions (executive functioning).

34
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Responsible for thinking, planning, and language.

35
Q

Motor cortex

A

Voluntary muscle movements.

36
Q

Broca’s area (left hemisphere)

A

Speech

37
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Sensitive to touch, pain, and temperature.

38
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Plays a role in hearing, understanding language, and storing autobiographical memories.

39
Q

Limbic system

A

The emotional center of the brain.

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates and controls internal bodily states (4 F’s).

41
Q

Amygdala

A

Plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal.

42
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Forebrain structure that helps control movement.

43
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Spatial tasks, emotions.

44
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Verbal tasks.

45
Q

The Endocrine System

A

Communication system that uses the bloodstream rather than neurons.

46
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.

47
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Measures electrical activity via electrodes placed on skull.

48
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Uses multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images.

49
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Measures consumption of glucose-like molecules to give a picture of neural activity.

50
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

Uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity.

General Psychology (9 decks)

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