Chapter 3: Biological Macromoleucle Flashcards
5’ end
phosphate group attached to it
3’ end
hydroxyl group attached to it
Alpha helix
protein secondary structure; cylindrical shape
Amino
left side of dipeptide
Amino acid
contain amino group and a carboxyl group
ATP
energy currency of the cell
Beta Sheet
protein secondary structure; planar shape
Isomer
organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms
Carbon
carbon atoms may bind to other carbon atoms, or to atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, or sulfur.
Carbonyl
carbohydrates, nucleic acids
Carboxyl
proteins, lipids
Polymer
a long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits
Complementary base
bases that participate in base-pairing
C-terminus
right side of dipeptide; called carboxy
DNA
stores genetic information; double strands; Thymine; 2’-Deoxyribose sugar; “double helix”; anti-parallel arrangement
Denaturation
proteins can be denatured when the pH, temperature, or ionic concentration of the surrounding solution changes
Deoxyribose
a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen. found in DNA
Purine
large, double-ring molecules found in both DNA and RNA; 2 types are Adenine and Guanine
Disulfide bonds
in proteins are formed between the thiol groups of cysteine residues by the process of oxidative folding.
Quaternary structure
interaction between 2 or more polypeptides (subunits); generated by same types of bonds that produce tertiary structure
RNA
single stranded; uracil; ribose sugar
Secondary structure
two types: alpha helix and beta sheet; depends on noncovalent H bonds between nearby amino acid subunits
Hydrocarbon
composed of hydrogen and carbon
Hydroxyl
functional group found in carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
N-terminus
left side of dipeptide; called Amino
Macromolecule
very large molecule, such as a protein
Purine
large, double-ring molecules found in both DNA and RNA; 2 types are Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine
single ringed molecules; Cytosine (DNA & RNA), Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
Quaternary structure
interaction between 2 or more polypeptides (subunits); generated by same types of bonds that produce tertiary structure
R group
called side chain; determines the chemical properties of each amino acid
RNA
single stranded; uracil; ribose sugar
Secondary structure
two types: alpha helix and beta sheet; depends on noncovalent H bonds between nearby amino acid subunits
Tertiary structure
generated by interactions between amino acids far apart in sequence
Nucleotide
a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
Peptide bond
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O)
Phosphate group
attached to one end of the glycerol
Phosphodiester bond
a chemical bond of the kind joining successive sugar molecules in a polynucleotide.
Polypeptide
chains in proteins; composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Primary structure
of a protein is its amino acid sequence
Protein
A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen.
Ribose
sugar found in RNA
Sulfhydryl
functional group found in proteins
Tertiary structure
generated by interactions between amino acids far apart in sequence
Hydrolysis
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
