Chapter 3 Bioenergetics

Question 1

List a reason why our muscles need ATP.

Answer 1

1.) For Glycolysis
2.) To keep the NA/K+ Pump running
3.) To depolarize the alpha motor neuron
4.) Muscle Contraction and relaxation

Question 2

Write out the equation for ATP Hydrolysis.

Answer 2

ATP + H20 —ATPase—> ADP + HPO4 +H + e

Question 3

What is the significance about hydrogen from ATP hydrolysis and does this have any correlation of when the rate of muscle contraction increases?

Answer 3

During elevated exercise with increased rate of muscle contraction can lead to hydrogen accumulation. More hydrogen in the active site will lower the PH level. This affects the efficiency of enzymes associated with muscle contraction.

Question 4

Fill in the blank.
The process of adding a phosphate is called ___________ and when in the presence of oxygen is labeled as ____________.

Answer 4

Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 5

The three sources of energy utilized by our metabolic pathway are?

Answer 5

1.) Substrate availability
2.) Concentration of Enzymes
3.) Allosteric Modification

Question 6

True or false.
Allosteric modification is responsible only for stimulating enzymes to create more efficiency.

Answer 6

False, because allosteric modification can stimulate and inhibit enzymes in order to achieve higher enzymatic efficiency.

Question 7

True or false.
Enzyme activity decreases when temperature either increases or decreases past normal ranges.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

True or false.
One unique property of enzymes is that activity is not affected by the increase or decrease of PH away from its optimum range.

Answer 8

False, Enzyme activity is influenced by the change of ph levels away from its optimum range.

Question 9

Fill in the blanks.
The first energy system that our body uses for ATP is called the _______________. The duration of the system can last between _________________. The rate limiting enzyme is _____________ which aids the reaction that is responsible for _______ of ATP creation. Where the other second reaction creates ________ that stimulates the enzyme ____________.

Answer 9

1.)Phosphagen system/ ATP-PCr system
2.) 10-15 seconds
3.) Creatine Kinase
4.) 90%
5.) AMP
6.) Phosphofructokinase

Question 10

Write the reaction in the ATP-PCr system that produces the remaining 10% of ATP creation and name the enzyme.

Answer 10

ADP + ADP —Myokinase—> ATP + AMP

Question 11

Describe the negative feedback system of the Phosphagen system.

Answer 11

When ATP levels decrease there will be an increase in ADP which stimulate creatine kinase activity to synthesize more ATP that lowers the levels of ADP leading to the inhibition of creatine kinase activity.

Question 12

List the site of replenishment, stimulants, and inhibitors for the ATP-PCr system.

Answer 12

The mitochondria, ADP, and ATP

Question 13

Briefly describe the Creatine Phosphate shuttle and its process.

Answer 13

The reconstitution of ATP for Phosphocreatine. Creatine gets shuttled into the mitochondria where ATP transfers a phosphate to creatine into phosphocreatine and leaving a ADP.

Question 14

What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose and its enzyme?

Answer 14

Glycogenolysis, glycogen phosphorylase

Question 15

Fill in the blanks.
Carbohydrates get converted into _______ when consumed in excess and stored in both the _________ and __________. This is regulated by the anabolic hormone called ________.

Answer 15

1.) Fat
2.) Liver
3.) Adipocytes
4.) Insulin

Question 16

True or false.
Carbohydrates are the predominant fuel for ATP synthesis in prolonged moderate-high intense exercise.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or false.
Fats are the primary energy source for the highest intensity of exercise.

Answer 17

False, Fats are the main energy source at rest and low intensity exercise.

Question 18

Fill in the blanks.
Glycogen gets converted into Glucose-6-phosphate by the process called ___________ and facilitated with the enzyme _________. Glucose-6-phosphate can also revert back into glycogen by the process called ____________ which is facilitated by the enzyme ____________.

Answer 18

1.) Glycogenolysis
2.) Glycogen Phosphorylase
3.) Glycogenesis
4.) Glycogen Synthase

Question 19

Fill in the blanks.
The rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis is ______________ which is stimulated by __________ that is produced from the ATP-PCr system. The main substrate it utilizes is _________ which will turn into the end product of ____________ through a series of changes.

Answer 19

1.) Phosphofructokinase
2.) AMP
3.) Carbohydrates
4.) Pyruvate

Question 20

List the energy investment phase of glycolysis, where the rate limiting step is present, and the reactions that occur.

Answer 20

1.) Glucose
2.) Glucose-6-Phosphate
3.) Fructose-6-Phosphate
4.) Fructose 1, 6-Bisphosphate

Rate Limiting step: Occurs from Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose 1, 6-Bisphosphate

Reactions: Phosphorylations happen within Glucose to G6P and F6P to F1,6B
Net ATP: -2

Question 21

List the energy generation phase of glycolysis and the total ATP produced at the end.

Answer 21

5.) Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
6.) 3-Bisphophoglycerate
7.) 3-Phosphoglycerate
8.) Phosphoenolpyruvate
9.) Pyruvate

Net ATP: +2

Question 22

List all the reactions that occur in the energy generation phase.

Answer 22

1.) Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to 3-Bisphophoglycerate has an oxidation and phosphorylation reaction which turns 2NAD+ to 2NADH

2.) 3-Bisphophoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate has an ATP phosphorylation reaction which creates +2 ATP

3.) 3-phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate releases water (H20).

4.) Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate has an ATP phosphorylation reaction which creates + 2 ATP

Question 23

Fill in the blanks.
To convert blood glucose into G6P it requires __________ and the enzyme that is used is ____________. While in the liver the enzyme that does the same thing is called ___________.

Answer 23

1.) ATP or energy
2.) Hexokinase
3.) Glucokinase

Question 24

What are the two fates of pyruvate?

Answer 24

1.) Acetyl-CoA
2.) Lactate

Question 25

What is the significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase?

Answer 25

Lactate Dehydrogenase creates pyruvate into lactate, but also responsible for reforming NAD to maintain the glycolytic flux and redox state.

Question 26

True or false. Circulating lactate can be 60-70% of the fuel your heart uses and also has the ability to convert into new glucose.

Answer 26

True.

Question 27

True or false. The purpose of Krebs Cycle is to create ATP.

Answer 27

False, The purpose is to feed the electron Transport chain hydrogen by making NAD and FAD.

Question 28

What are the products of one pass through the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 28

3 NAD, 1 FAD, and 1 ATP

Question 29

List the processes of the Krebs Cycle and the rate limiting enzyme.

Answer 29

1.) Citrate 2.) Isocitrate (RLE) 3.) Alpha-Ketoglutarate 4.) Succinyl-CoA 5.) Succinate 6.) Fumerate 7.) Malate 8.) Oxaloacetate

Question 30

List where the metabolic CO2, NAD, FAD, and ATP are formed in the Krebs Cycle.

Answer 30

Metabolic CO2: 1.) Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA 2.) Isocitrate to Alpha-ketogluterate 3.) Alpha-ketogluterate to Succinyl-CoA NAD-NADH: 1.) Isocitrate to Alpha-Ketogluterate 2.) Alpha-Ketogluterate to Succinyl-CoA 3.) Malate to Oxaloacetate FAD-FADH: 1.) Succinate to Fumerate ATP: 1.) Succinyl-CoA to Succinate through the formation and phosphorylation of Guanosine Triphosphate

Question 31

Explain where the NADH and FADH specifically go in the electron transport chain and why NADH creates more energy than FADH.

Answer 31

NADH and FADH both go to the cytochromes of the electron transport chain. However, NADH goes to the first cytochrome while the FADH goes to the second which means that the electron that was dropped off by NADH will create more energy because it goes through more cytochromes.

Question 32

Fill in the blanks. The hydrogen that is released from NADH and FADH gets pumped through the ____________ and enters into the mitochondria’s _______________. The movement of hydrogen follows a ____________ which pushes the ions toward the enzyme called _____________ to form __________ and ________ as the byproduct.

Answer 32

1.) Cytochromes 2.) Inter-membrane space 3.) gradient 4.) ATP Synthase 5.) ATP 6.) H2O

Question 33

True or false. The energy that is made through the redox reactions from the cytochromes passing the electron is used only for the purpose to create ATP.

Answer 33

False, The energy that is made is also used to power the cytochromes and allow each one to oxidize and reduced when needed.

Question 34

Fill in the blanks. The steps for metabolizing fat is: 1.) Mobilize - the ____________ of stored fat into __________. 2.) __________ - From adipocytes to muscle via VLDL 3.) ___________ - FFA into the muscle from circulation. 4.) Activation - FFA converted into ______________ to enter the ____________. 5.) _________________. 6.) Krebs Cycle 7.) ETC

Answer 34

1.) Breakdown 2.) Free Fatty Acids 3.) Circulate 4.) Uptake 5.) Fatty Acyl-CoA 6.) Mitochondria 5.) Beta-Oxidation

Question 35

What is the breakdown of fat called and the enzyme that helps in it?

Answer 35

Lipolysis and lipase lipoprotein

Question 36

What hormones stimulates hormone sensitive lipase enzymes?

Answer 36

Growth hormone and epinephrine

Question 37

What is the significance of Glut-4?

Answer 37

This is the site of where the electron transport chain takes place.

Question 38

What is orderly metabolic recruitment?

Answer 38

It is a set order of how the metabolic systems turn on during exercise or use of quick energy and they have the ability to interact with each other by creating products that stimulate the next system in line.

Question 39

What is the main determinant for system predominance?

Answer 39

Duration.