Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pass Program > Chapter 3: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main intracellular buffer?

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main extracellular buffer?

A

bicarb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Main protein of RBC?

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which Amino Acid is responsible for kinks, turns, twists and bends? hair, GI, blood vessels, etc.

A

proline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What crosses membranes easier, acid or base?

A

base, because it is neutral (no charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are most drugs weak acid or weak base?

A

weak acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does dissociate mean?

A

to lose a hydrogen or a proton; charged or polar, water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does bioavailable mean?

A

neutral, fat-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is a dissociated acid charged or neutral?

A

charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is a dissociated base charged or neutral?

A

neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the best buffer in human body? why?

A

Histidine because its pKa is closest to 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why should you take tetracyclines and quinolones on an empty stomach?

A

They are acids and if in a more acidic environment, will be absorbed more and will be more effective. If taken with food, more basic and will not absorb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why shouldn’t aspirin be taken with orange juice only?

A

Asprin is acidic and will absorb more in an acidic environment; too much absorption will be toxic and may lead to cinchonism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If a person ingests a weak acid by accident what should we give them?

A

give a base i.e. milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If a person ingests a weak base by accident what should we give them as first aid?

A

give a weak acid–juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If a person accidently ingests a strong acid or strong base?

A

cannot give acid/base; instead dilute the concentration gradient by drinking water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The half life of a water soluble drug?

A

low; that’s why we administer it more than once a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The half life of a fat soluble drug?

A

high; that is why we can administer it at longer intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do you give for aspirin overdose?

A

Sodium bicarb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do you give for barbituate overdose?

A

fluids and bicarb (fluids for dilutional and bicarb to make pee out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When can a person have rhabdomyolysis?

A

Crush injury, statin use, staph scalded syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How to treat rhabdomyolysis?

A

bicarb first then fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

6 main actions of TCA

A

1.Antidepressant (blocks reuptake of catecholamines)
2.Anticholinergic (hot and dry)
3. blocks Alpha 1–causing vasodilation, BP drops but sometimes can rise
4.blocks Na channels in ventricle
5. blocks AV conduction (slow HR)
6. antihistaminic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which drug increase the duration of chloride channel opening and enhancing GABA effects?

A

barbituates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which drug increases the frequency of chloride channel opening and enhancing GABA effects?

A

benzodiazepine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

amphetamine overdose sign

A

vertical/rotary nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

amphetamine OD first aid

A

give an acid (juice, cola)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the smallest AA?

A

glycine

29
Q

What is glycine’s role in the body?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter for the spinal cord

30
Q

What toxin found in dirt can block the release of glycine from the spinal cord?

A

tetanus

31
Q

3 Aromatic amino acids (big rings)

A

PHE, TRP, TYR

32
Q

Which enzyme cuts to the right of PHE, TRP, and TYR

A

chymotripsin

33
Q

Which two AA are basic (have extra NH3+)?

A

Lysine, Arginine

34
Q

What enzyme cuts to right of Lysine and Arginine?

A

tripsin (trippin in LA)

35
Q

Which two AA are acidic (have extra COO-?

A

Aspartate, Glutamate (have negative charge)

36
Q

What is the main AA used for reinforcement of behavior via the NMDA pathway?

A

Aspartate

37
Q

Which drugs block glutamate inhibition of the NMDA pathway, therefore increasing the pathway’s action?

A

Memantine (and Galantine) used in Alzheimer therapy

38
Q

AA containing sulfur

A

Cysteine, Methionine

39
Q

4 hormones with disulfide bonds

A

PIGI
prolactin
insulin
growth hormone
inhibin

40
Q

Which two AA end in “ine” and have extra amine group?

A

Asparagine, Glutamine

41
Q

Which 3 AA dissolve in water because of extra OH group?

A

serine, threOnine, tyrOsine

42
Q

3 branched chain AA

A

LIV
leucine
isoleucine
valine

43
Q

Which AA used to make catecholamines and melanin?

A

Tyrosine

44
Q

What protein blocks every hormone except GABA?

A

octreotide

45
Q

the 3 catecholamines

A

Dopamine, NE, Epi

46
Q

Which AA is used to make serotonin?

A

tryptophan

47
Q

Where do you see tryptophan deficiency?

A

carcinoid syndrome

48
Q

Which AA are ketogenic (made from and broken back down into acetyl-CoA which is used to make ketones)?

A

lysine, leucine

49
Q

Which 4 AA are both glucogenic and ketogenic?

A

PHE, ISO, THR, Tryptophan

50
Q

essential AA

A

PVT TIM HALL
proline
valine
threonine
tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
alanine
lysine
leucine

51
Q

How long does glucose last?

A

2-4 hours (get hungry every 2-4 hours)

52
Q

How long does liver glycogen last?

A

24 to 48 hours

53
Q

When does proteolysis start in a starvation state?

A

2 days

54
Q

Hormones in proteolysis?

A

cortisol and epinephrine

55
Q

If a baby is born with a deficiency in breaking down proteins for energy, when will we see the manifestation?

A

2 days, that’s why we screen newborns after 2 days

56
Q

5 labs of energy utilization in starvation state

A

down glucose, down glycogen, down muscle mass, up triglycerides (fat broken down), up Ketones

57
Q

5 labs of energy utilization in diabetic state

A

up glucose, down glycogen, down muscle mass, up triglycerides, up ketones

58
Q

Which cells use glucose only?

A

RBC

59
Q

When does tyrosine become an essential AA?

A

When phenylalanine is deficient (PKU)

60
Q

When does cysteine become an essential AA?

A

When methionine is deficient

61
Q

What is the name of the condition if phenylalanine hydroxylase is deficient?

A

PKU

62
Q

What are the complications of PKU?

A

If you don’t have phenylalanine, cannot make tyrosine, no tyrosine no dopa, epi, NE and children are intellectually deficient and cannot handle stress because no epi; unable to make melanin fair skin; phenylalanine attaches to acetly-coa and makes phenylpyruvate and phenylacetate: both toxic to brain;

63
Q

treatment for PKU

A

low phenylalanine diet; avoid aspartate; tyrosine supplements

64
Q

7 screening tests for newborns

A
  1. PKU (Guthrie test)
  2. Hypothyroidism (check TSH)
  3. CAH-check 17 hydroxyprogesterone
    4.Biotinidase deficiency: tx:10mcg of biotin
  4. Galactosemia
    6.Tissue transglutaminase : TTG+ then measure IgA if IgA def. scope and find blunt of villi
    7.Immunoreactive trypsin (CF)
    or pilocarpine sweat test Cl- more than 60
65
Q

Which disease is there antibody against melanocytes?

A

Vitiligo

66
Q

Which disease is there tyrosinase deficiency?

A

albinism

67
Q

Which enzyme is missing in Alkaptonuria?

A

homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency

68
Q

Cystinuria is the defective renal transport of which 4 amino acids?

A

COLA
Cysteine
Ornithine
Lysine
Arginine

69
Q

What kind of crystals in the urine develop in cystinuria?

A

hexagonal, coffin lid shaped crystals

Pass Program (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions