Chapter 3: Biochemistry Flashcards
What is the main intracellular buffer?
proteins
What is the main extracellular buffer?
bicarb
Main protein of RBC?
hemoglobin
Which Amino Acid is responsible for kinks, turns, twists and bends? hair, GI, blood vessels, etc.
proline
What crosses membranes easier, acid or base?
base, because it is neutral (no charge)
Are most drugs weak acid or weak base?
weak acid
What does dissociate mean?
to lose a hydrogen or a proton; charged or polar, water soluble
What does bioavailable mean?
neutral, fat-soluble
Is a dissociated acid charged or neutral?
charged
Is a dissociated base charged or neutral?
neutral
What is the best buffer in human body? why?
Histidine because its pKa is closest to 7.4
Why should you take tetracyclines and quinolones on an empty stomach?
They are acids and if in a more acidic environment, will be absorbed more and will be more effective. If taken with food, more basic and will not absorb.
Why shouldn’t aspirin be taken with orange juice only?
Asprin is acidic and will absorb more in an acidic environment; too much absorption will be toxic and may lead to cinchonism.
If a person ingests a weak acid by accident what should we give them?
give a base i.e. milk
If a person ingests a weak base by accident what should we give them as first aid?
give a weak acid–juice
If a person accidently ingests a strong acid or strong base?
cannot give acid/base; instead dilute the concentration gradient by drinking water
The half life of a water soluble drug?
low; that’s why we administer it more than once a day
The half life of a fat soluble drug?
high; that is why we can administer it at longer intervals
What do you give for aspirin overdose?
Sodium bicarb
What do you give for barbituate overdose?
fluids and bicarb (fluids for dilutional and bicarb to make pee out)
When can a person have rhabdomyolysis?
Crush injury, statin use, staph scalded syndrome
How to treat rhabdomyolysis?
bicarb first then fluids
6 main actions of TCA
1.Antidepressant (blocks reuptake of catecholamines)
2.Anticholinergic (hot and dry)
3. blocks Alpha 1–causing vasodilation, BP drops but sometimes can rise
4.blocks Na channels in ventricle
5. blocks AV conduction (slow HR)
6. antihistaminic
Which drug increase the duration of chloride channel opening and enhancing GABA effects?
barbituates
Which drug increases the frequency of chloride channel opening and enhancing GABA effects?
benzodiazepine
amphetamine overdose sign
vertical/rotary nystagmus
amphetamine OD first aid
give an acid (juice, cola)
What is the smallest AA?
glycine
What is glycine’s role in the body?
inhibitory neurotransmitter for the spinal cord
What toxin found in dirt can block the release of glycine from the spinal cord?
tetanus
3 Aromatic amino acids (big rings)
PHE, TRP, TYR
Which enzyme cuts to the right of PHE, TRP, and TYR
chymotripsin
Which two AA are basic (have extra NH3+)?
Lysine, Arginine
What enzyme cuts to right of Lysine and Arginine?
tripsin (trippin in LA)
Which two AA are acidic (have extra COO-?
Aspartate, Glutamate (have negative charge)
What is the main AA used for reinforcement of behavior via the NMDA pathway?
Aspartate
Which drugs block glutamate inhibition of the NMDA pathway, therefore increasing the pathway’s action?
Memantine (and Galantine) used in Alzheimer therapy
AA containing sulfur
Cysteine, Methionine
4 hormones with disulfide bonds
PIGI
prolactin
insulin
growth hormone
inhibin
Which two AA end in “ine” and have extra amine group?
Asparagine, Glutamine
Which 3 AA dissolve in water because of extra OH group?
serine, threOnine, tyrOsine
3 branched chain AA
LIV
leucine
isoleucine
valine
Which AA used to make catecholamines and melanin?
Tyrosine
What protein blocks every hormone except GABA?
octreotide
the 3 catecholamines
Dopamine, NE, Epi
Which AA is used to make serotonin?
tryptophan
Where do you see tryptophan deficiency?
carcinoid syndrome
Which AA are ketogenic (made from and broken back down into acetyl-CoA which is used to make ketones)?
lysine, leucine
Which 4 AA are both glucogenic and ketogenic?
PHE, ISO, THR, Tryptophan
essential AA
PVT TIM HALL
proline
valine
threonine
tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
alanine
lysine
leucine
How long does glucose last?
2-4 hours (get hungry every 2-4 hours)
How long does liver glycogen last?
24 to 48 hours
When does proteolysis start in a starvation state?
2 days
Hormones in proteolysis?
cortisol and epinephrine
If a baby is born with a deficiency in breaking down proteins for energy, when will we see the manifestation?
2 days, that’s why we screen newborns after 2 days
5 labs of energy utilization in starvation state
down glucose, down glycogen, down muscle mass, up triglycerides (fat broken down), up Ketones
5 labs of energy utilization in diabetic state
up glucose, down glycogen, down muscle mass, up triglycerides, up ketones
Which cells use glucose only?
RBC
When does tyrosine become an essential AA?
When phenylalanine is deficient (PKU)
When does cysteine become an essential AA?
When methionine is deficient
What is the name of the condition if phenylalanine hydroxylase is deficient?
PKU
What are the complications of PKU?
If you don’t have phenylalanine, cannot make tyrosine, no tyrosine no dopa, epi, NE and children are intellectually deficient and cannot handle stress because no epi; unable to make melanin fair skin; phenylalanine attaches to acetly-coa and makes phenylpyruvate and phenylacetate: both toxic to brain;
treatment for PKU
low phenylalanine diet; avoid aspartate; tyrosine supplements
7 screening tests for newborns
- PKU (Guthrie test)
- Hypothyroidism (check TSH)
- CAH-check 17 hydroxyprogesterone
4.Biotinidase deficiency: tx:10mcg of biotin - Galactosemia
6.Tissue transglutaminase : TTG+ then measure IgA if IgA def. scope and find blunt of villi
7.Immunoreactive trypsin (CF)
or pilocarpine sweat test Cl- more than 60
Which disease is there antibody against melanocytes?
Vitiligo
Which disease is there tyrosinase deficiency?
albinism
Which enzyme is missing in Alkaptonuria?
homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency
Cystinuria is the defective renal transport of which 4 amino acids?
COLA
Cysteine
Ornithine
Lysine
Arginine
What kind of crystals in the urine develop in cystinuria?
hexagonal, coffin lid shaped crystals
