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Pass Program > Chapter 13: Membrane Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Membrane Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Are structures inside the membrane fat soluble or water soluble?

A

fat solube

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2
Q

Are structures outside the membrane fat soluble or water soluble?

A

water soluble

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3
Q

plasma; fat or water solube?

A

water

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4
Q

cytoplasm; fat or water soluble?

A

fat

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5
Q

Inside a channel, water or fat soluble?

A

water

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6
Q

What is the limiting factor for fat soluble compounds that can get through cell membrane?

A

concentration gradient; will stop at 50% inside, 50% outside

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7
Q

Which hormone’s receptor is in the cytoplasm(but still translocates to nucleus)?

A

cortisol

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8
Q

Which compounds bind to outside receptors and use second messengers?

A

water soluble

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9
Q

easy way to know fat vs water soluble drugs:

A

how many times it is given per day (half-life); if half-life is short it is water soluble; if half-life is long it is fat soluble

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10
Q

Which patients should we be careful when administering a fat soluble drug (long half-life)?

A

elderly, children, obese, diabetics, hypercholesteremic, pregnant pts.

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11
Q

Which labs should you check if pt on fat soluble drug?

A

liver enzymes, CPK and pancreatic enzymes

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12
Q

Which drug has a higher volume of distribution, fat or water soluble?

A

fat

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13
Q

Which drug has a lower volume of distribrution, fat or water soluble?

A

water

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14
Q

Water soluble drugs are excreted by which organ?

A

kidney

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15
Q

What is the one thing we can do to reduce risk of nephrotoxicity while taking water soluble drugs?

A

maintain adequate hydration and give bicarbs if we want to increase the excretion (water soluble are weak acids)

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16
Q

How do you increase the volume of distribution of a water soluble drug?

A

increase dose (concentration gradient rises)

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17
Q

If you want to treat a UTI which kind of drug should you give?

A

water solube, an acid, shorter half-life (i.e. penicillin, quinolone, tetracycline, etc..)

18
Q

Simple explanation of Fick’s equation:

A

all factors that favor diffusion go at the top (numerator); all factors that negatively affect diffusion go in the denominator : If the number rises, diffusion rises; if the number gets smaller, diffusion lessens.

19
Q

The two essential fats

A

linolenic, linoleic

20
Q

What are linolenic acid and linoleic acid used for?

A

making arachidonic acid (for making leukotreines and prostaglandins)

21
Q

What are the 3 things required for membrane movement?

A

Ca, ATP, microtubles

22
Q

What is the oxidized protein associated with aging?

A

thyratron

23
Q

Any sudden development of sebhorrehic keratosis could signal low energy state: what workup should we consider?

A

HIV, Colon cancer above 40, diabetes under 40 y/0

24
Q

Any development of acanthosis nigricans, what workup should we consider?

A

GI cancer in older adults; diabetes in young adults or children

25
Q

Do GLUT move in same direction or opposite direction as Na?

A

same, so they are called symporters

26
Q

Do Ca move in the same direction or opposite as Na?

A

opposite, so the calcium transporters are called antiporters

27
Q

What is a sympathetic, catabolic second messenger?

A

cAMP (phosphorylates all proteins); when it dephosphorylates, it becomes parasympathetic

28
Q

What is a parasympathetic, anabolic second messenger?

A

cGMP (gamma subunite will dissociate and activate guanylate cyclase, protein phosphatase will dephosphorylate all porteins: parasympathetic becomes active, sympathetic becomes inactive

29
Q

What do phophodiesterase inhibitors do?

A

inhibit breakdown of cAMP by phosphodiaterase (i.e. caffeine, theophylline)

30
Q

Which compounds cannot be given with phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A

NO, alpha blockers, hydralazine

31
Q

All hypothalamic hormones (except CRH) and smooth muscle contraction use which second messenger?

A

IP3-DAG

32
Q

What second messenger does CRH use?

A

cAMP

33
Q

IP3 causes Ca release from sarcooplasmic reticulum but what has to bind to the Ca to activate Protein Kinase C?

A

DAG

34
Q

What does Protein kinase C do?

A

phosphorylates proteins using ATP

35
Q

When smooth muscle distend what do they activate?

A

calmodulin

36
Q

What kinase do insulin and all growth factors use?

A

tyrosine kinase

37
Q

What is sirolimus?

A

tyrosine kinase inhibitor

38
Q

Which amino acid does NO need?

A

arginine

39
Q

MOA of NO

A

activates guanylate cyclase which elevates cGMP

40
Q

What does ANP use NO for ?

A

dilate afferent renal arterioles

41
Q

Best drug for HTN in pregnancy?

A

Labetalol

42
Q

How do nitrates help heart disease>

A

venodilation which decreases preload

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