Chapter 3: Bio 012 Flashcards
What are the organic molecules of life & what are they built on?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Built on a framework of CARBON ATOMS
What are the subunits of macromolecules? (Usually)
Monomers
___ may be broken apart in order to generate energy for the cell
Polymers
Metabolism:
- activities by which cells acquire & use energy to construct, rearrange & split organic molecules
What does metabolism allow cells to do?
- live
- grow
- reproduce
What are enzymes?
Proteins that increase the speed of a reaction without being used up in the reaction
What are the two types of reactions?
- Condensation/dehydration synthesis
- Hydrolysis
What do condensation reactions involve?
The covalent bonding of two (or more) molecules
What is formed as a product through condensation reactions?
Water
What is the reverse reaction of condensation?
Hydrolysis
What are hydrolysis reactions?
Cleavage reactions in which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules and water is split as well
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
What is established by functional groups?
Special properties of biological molecules
What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen
1:2:1
What are monosaccharides? examples
The simplest carbohydrates
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Are monosaccharides soluble or insoluble in water?
Soluble
What are oligosaccharides? ex: Disaccharides
Short chains of monosaccharides (including all disaccharides)
Common disaccharides & monosaccharides that make them up:
- sucrose —> glucose + fructose
- lactose —-> glucose + galactose
- maltose —> glucose + glucose
What are polysaccharides and what are they made up of?
They are complex carbohydrates composed of many sugar monomers
What are the most common polysaccharides?
- Cellulose
- Starch
- Glycogen
- all consist of glucose monomers
Lipids:
- body’s major energy reservoir
- structural foundation of cell membranes
What are the common types of lipids in biological systems?
- Waxes
- Steroids
- Phospholipids
- Triglycerides
What are lipids composed of?
Glycerol & - one (monoglyceride) - two (diglyceride) OR - three fatty acids (triglyceride)
What are phospholipids?
- main materials of cell membranes
- glycerol backbone, two fatty acids & a phosphate group
What are sterols?
Lipids without fatty acids
e.g. Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Steroids, Bile Salts
What are waxes?
Long-chain fatty acids tightly packed and linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings
e.g. Cuticle of plants
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated & Unsaturated
How do fatty acids become lipids?
By attaching to the alcohol, glycerol
What are triglycerides?
Neutral fats with 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol
Where are triglycerides stored?
In adipose tissues
What cellular processes are proteins involved in?
ALL cellular processes
- structure
- nutrition
- transport
- enzymes
- communication
- defence
What are proteins composed of?
One or more chains of amino acids
What are chains of amino acids called?
Polypeptides
What are the levels of the protein structure?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What is denaturation?
When a protein loses its shape
What is denaturation caused by?
- heat
- changes in pH
- salts
- detergents
What is prion disease caused by? Examples?
Misfolded proteins
- mad cow
- creutzfeldt-jakob (humans)
- scarpie (sheep)
What are the subunits of nucleic acids? Examples?
Nucleotides, ex) DNA and RNA
What are nucleotides composed of?
A sugar w/ a 5 carbon ring, a nitrogen-containing base & 1 or more phosphate groups
RNA:
- contains 4 types of nucleotide monomers
- important in protein synthesis
DNA:
- two chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix
What are DNA molecules held together by?
Hydrogen bonds
