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Biology > Chapter 3: Bio 012 > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Bio 012 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organic molecules of life & what are they built on?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids

Built on a framework of CARBON ATOMS

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2
Q

What are the subunits of macromolecules? (Usually)

A

Monomers

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3
Q

___ may be broken apart in order to generate energy for the cell

A

Polymers

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4
Q

Metabolism:

A
  • activities by which cells acquire & use energy to construct, rearrange & split organic molecules
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5
Q

What does metabolism allow cells to do?

A
  • live
  • grow
  • reproduce
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6
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that increase the speed of a reaction without being used up in the reaction

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7
Q

What are the two types of reactions?

A
  • Condensation/dehydration synthesis

- Hydrolysis

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8
Q

What do condensation reactions involve?

A

The covalent bonding of two (or more) molecules

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9
Q

What is formed as a product through condensation reactions?

A

Water

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10
Q

What is the reverse reaction of condensation?

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

What are hydrolysis reactions?

A

Cleavage reactions in which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules and water is split as well

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12
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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13
Q

What is established by functional groups?

A

Special properties of biological molecules

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14
Q

What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

What are monosaccharides? examples

A

The simplest carbohydrates

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
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16
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble or insoluble in water?

A

Soluble

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17
Q

What are oligosaccharides? ex: Disaccharides

A

Short chains of monosaccharides (including all disaccharides)

18
Q

Common disaccharides & monosaccharides that make them up:

A
  • sucrose —> glucose + fructose
  • lactose —-> glucose + galactose
  • maltose —> glucose + glucose
19
Q

What are polysaccharides and what are they made up of?

A

They are complex carbohydrates composed of many sugar monomers

20
Q

What are the most common polysaccharides?

A
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • all consist of glucose monomers
21
Q

Lipids:

A
  • body’s major energy reservoir

- structural foundation of cell membranes

22
Q

What are the common types of lipids in biological systems?

A
  • Waxes
  • Steroids
  • Phospholipids
  • Triglycerides
23
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A 
Glycerol & 
- one (monoglyceride)
- two (diglyceride) 
OR
- three fatty acids (triglyceride)
24
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • main materials of cell membranes

- glycerol backbone, two fatty acids & a phosphate group

25
Q

What are sterols?

A

Lipids without fatty acids

e.g. Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Steroids, Bile Salts

26
Q

What are waxes?

A

Long-chain fatty acids tightly packed and linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings
e.g. Cuticle of plants

27
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated & Unsaturated

28
Q

How do fatty acids become lipids?

A

By attaching to the alcohol, glycerol

29
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Neutral fats with 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

30
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

In adipose tissues

31
Q

What cellular processes are proteins involved in?

A

ALL cellular processes

  • structure
  • nutrition
  • transport
  • enzymes
  • communication
  • defence
32
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

One or more chains of amino acids

33
Q

What are chains of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptides

34
Q

What are the levels of the protein structure?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
35
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When a protein loses its shape

36
Q

What is denaturation caused by?

A
  • heat
  • changes in pH
  • salts
  • detergents
37
Q

What is prion disease caused by? Examples?

A

Misfolded proteins

  • mad cow
  • creutzfeldt-jakob (humans)
  • scarpie (sheep)
38
Q

What are the subunits of nucleic acids? Examples?

A

Nucleotides, ex) DNA and RNA

39
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

A sugar w/ a 5 carbon ring, a nitrogen-containing base & 1 or more phosphate groups

40
Q

RNA:

A
  • contains 4 types of nucleotide monomers

- important in protein synthesis

41
Q

DNA:

A
  • two chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix
42
Q

What are DNA molecules held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

Biology (7 decks)

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