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Microbiology > Chapter 3- Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in blank and blank

A

Size and simplicity

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2
Q

Cell shape

A

Morphology

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3
Q

Spherical morphology

A

Coccus

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4
Q

Cylindrical morphology, rods

A

Bacillus

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5
Q

Spiral morphology, rigid helices

A

Spirillum

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6
Q

Cocci pairs

A

Diplococci

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7
Q

Cocci Chains

A

Streptococci

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8
Q

Cocci grape-like clusters

A

Staphylococci

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9
Q

4 cocci in a square

A

Tetrads

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10
Q

8 perpendicular cocci

A

sarcinae

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11
Q

2 Bailli

A

Diplobacilli

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12
Q

Chains of Bacilli

A

Streptobacilli

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13
Q

Several parallel Bacilli

A

Pallisade

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14
Q

Very short rods

A

Coccobacilli

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15
Q

Comma shaped, resemble rods

A

Vibrios

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16
Q

Flexible helices

A

Spirochetes

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17
Q

Network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells

A

Mycelium

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18
Q

Organisms that are variable in shape

A

Pleomorphic

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19
Q

Advantage of being a small cell

A

Greater surface area to volume ratio, allows for greater nutrient exchange

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20
Q

Cell envelope consists of

A

Structures exterior to cell wall, cell wall, cell membrane

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21
Q

Cell membrane functions

A

Barrier, regulate transport, energy metabolism, protein attachment, and chemical receptors

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22
Q

Membrane that is somewhat liquid, somewhat solid

A

Fluid mosaic model

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23
Q

Lipids with polar and non polar ends

A

Amphipathic lipids

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24
Q

Polar ends

A

Hydrophilic

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25
Q

Non polar tails

A

Hydrophobic

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26
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane has blank but not blank

A

Hopanoids, sterols

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27
Q

Three types of membrane proteins

A

Peripheral, integral, and transmembrane

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28
Q

Loosely connected membrane protein on cytoplasmic side

A

Peripheral

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29
Q

Embedded membrane protein that projects outward

A

Integral

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30
Q

Membrane protein that completely crosses from one side to another

A

Transmembrane

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31
Q

Lipids in eukaryotic membranes used for strength and stabilization

A

Sterols

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32
Q

Same as Sterols but in Bacteria

A

Hopanoids

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33
Q

If membrane is too cold

A

Solidification

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34
Q

If membrane is too hot

A

Thermal lysis

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35
Q

To correct fluidity if too cold

A

Increase unsaturated fatty acids, minimize van der waals forces

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36
Q

To correct fluidity if too hot

A

Increase saturated fatty acids, maximize van der waals forces

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37
Q

Transport that does not need ATP

A

Passive

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38
Q

Transport that requires ATP

A

Active

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39
Q

Transport that does not require a transport protein

A

Simple

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40
Q

Transport that requires a transport protein

A

Facilitated

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41
Q

Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

A

Osmosis

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42
Q

3 factors that determine how a molecule moves across a membrane

A

Charge, shape, and size

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43
Q

Ligand binds specific protein receptors on the cell surface

A

Receptor-mediated transport system

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44
Q

Simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance

A

Group translocation

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45
Q

Main function of cell wall in prokaryotes

A

Prevent osmotic lysis

46
Q

Pressure from water entering the cell causing the cell to rupture

A

Osmotic lysis

47
Q

Hypertonic solution causing a cell to shrivel and die

A

Plasmolysis

48
Q

Enzyme that breaks the bond between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

49
Q

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

A

Penicillin

50
Q

Stain purple and have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive

51
Q

Stain pink and have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer membrane

A

Gram negative

52
Q

Structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of Bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

53
Q

Gram positive cell wall is blank percent peptidoglycan

54
Q

Negatively charges molecule in gram positive cell wall that helps maintain the cell envelope

A

Teichoic acid

55
Q

Lies between plasma membrane and cell wall of gram positive bacteria

A

Periplasmic space

56
Q

Periplasmic space of gram positive is blank compared to gram negative

57
Q

Enzymes secreted by gram positive bacteria

A

Exoenzymes

58
Q

Gram negative outer membrane is composed of

A

Phospholipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides

59
Q

Peptidoglycan is blank percent of gram negative cell wall

60
Q

Blank connects outer membrane to peptidoglycan

A

Braun’s lipoproteins

61
Q

Three parts of lipopolysaccharides

A

Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O side chain

62
Q

Another name for lipid A

63
Q

Functions of Lipopolysaccharides

A

Contributes to negative charge, stabilizes outer membrane, and creates permeability barrier

64
Q

Gram negative outer membrane is more permeable than plasma membrane because of blank and blank

A

Porin proteins and transporter proteins

65
Q

Polysaccharide rich material exterior to cell wall

A

Gylcocalyx

66
Q

Two parts of Gylocalyx

A

Capsule and slime layer

67
Q

Dense, tightly attached, regular layer of polysaccharides

68
Q

Diffuse, loosely attached, irregular layer of polysaccharides

A

Slime layer

69
Q

Regularly structured layer of proteins exterior to cell wall

70
Q

S layer adheres to outer membrane in

A

Gram-negative bacteria

71
Q

S layer is associated with peptidoglycan surface in

A

Gram-positive bacteria

72
Q

Functions of S layer

A

Protects from in and pH changes, maintains shape, and promotes adhesion to surfaces

73
Q

Short thin hair-like projections on bacteria and archea

A

Fimbriae or pili

74
Q

Function of pili

A

Mediate attachment

75
Q

Bacteria flagella

A

Thin, rigid protein structures

76
Q

One flagella

A

Monotrichous

77
Q

Flagella at end of cell

A

Polar Flagellum

78
Q

One flagella at each end of cell

A

Amphitrichous

79
Q

Clusters of flagella

A

Lophotrichous

80
Q

Flagella spread over entire surface

A

Peritrichous

81
Q

Three parts of the flagella

A

Filament, hook, basal body

82
Q

Direct cell movement due to some stimulus

83
Q

Flagella rotate like a propeller

A

Bacteria flagella

84
Q

Bacterial flagella counter-clockwise movement

85
Q

Bacterial flagella clockwise movement

86
Q

Two parts of flagella that produce torque

A

Rotor and stator

87
Q

Spirochete motility

A

use corkscrew shape

88
Q

Movement that involves contact with surface

A

Twitching and gliding

89
Q

Network of fibrous proteins in cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

90
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A

Role in cell division, protein localization, determine cell shape

91
Q

Site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation

A

Anammoxosome

92
Q

Membrane bound storage structures

A

Inclusions

93
Q

Materials found in storage inclusions

A

Nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks

94
Q

Not bound by membranes but compartmentalized for a specific function

A

Microcompartments

95
Q

Example of microcompartments

A

Carboxysomes

96
Q

Site of protein synthesis

97
Q

Bacterial and archaea ribosomes

98
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

99
Q

Archaea more similar to blank than blank

A

Eukarya, Bacteria

100
Q

Irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm where DNA is found

101
Q

Extrachromosomal DNA found in closed circular DNA molecules

102
Q

Loss of plasmids

103
Q

Complex, dormant structure whose function is to survive extreme environments for the organism

A

Bacterial Endospore

104
Q

Bacterial endospore is resistant to

A

Radiation, heat, chemicals, and dessication

105
Q

Endospore structure from outside in

A

Exosporium, spore coat, cortex, and core

106
Q

Blank makes an endospore resistant

107
Q

Transformation of endospore into vegetative cell complex

A

Germination

108
Q

Three steps to formation of a vegetative cell

A

Activation, germination, and outgrowth

109
Q

Prepares cell for germination

A

Activation

110
Q

Cell absorbs nutrients, spore swelling and rupture, loss of resistance, and increased metabolic rate

A

Germination

111
Q

Emergence of vegetative cell

Microbiology (4 decks)

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