Chapter 3- Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards
1
Q
Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in blank and blank
A
Size and simplicity
2
Q
Cell shape
A
Morphology
3
Q
Spherical morphology
A
Coccus
4
Q
Cylindrical morphology, rods
A
Bacillus
5
Q
Spiral morphology, rigid helices
A
Spirillum
6
Q
Cocci pairs
A
Diplococci
7
Q
Cocci Chains
A
Streptococci
8
Q
Cocci grape-like clusters
A
Staphylococci
9
Q
4 cocci in a square
A
Tetrads
10
Q
8 perpendicular cocci
A
sarcinae
11
Q
2 Bailli
A
Diplobacilli
12
Q
Chains of Bacilli
A
Streptobacilli
13
Q
Several parallel Bacilli
A
Pallisade
14
Q
Very short rods
A
Coccobacilli
15
Q
Comma shaped, resemble rods
A
Vibrios
16
Q
Flexible helices
A
Spirochetes
17
Q
Network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells
A
Mycelium
18
Q
Organisms that are variable in shape
A
Pleomorphic
19
Q
Advantage of being a small cell
A
Greater surface area to volume ratio, allows for greater nutrient exchange
20
Q
Cell envelope consists of
A
Structures exterior to cell wall, cell wall, cell membrane
21
Q
Cell membrane functions
A
Barrier, regulate transport, energy metabolism, protein attachment, and chemical receptors
22
Q
Membrane that is somewhat liquid, somewhat solid
A
Fluid mosaic model
23
Q
Lipids with polar and non polar ends
A
Amphipathic lipids
24
Q
Polar ends
A
Hydrophilic
25
Non polar tails
Hydrophobic
26
Cytoplasmic membrane has blank but not blank
Hopanoids, sterols
27
Three types of membrane proteins
Peripheral, integral, and transmembrane
28
Loosely connected membrane protein on cytoplasmic side
Peripheral
29
Embedded membrane protein that projects outward
Integral
30
Membrane protein that completely crosses from one side to another
Transmembrane
31
Lipids in eukaryotic membranes used for strength and stabilization
Sterols
32
Same as Sterols but in Bacteria
Hopanoids
33
If membrane is too cold
Solidification
34
If membrane is too hot
Thermal lysis
35
To correct fluidity if too cold
Increase unsaturated fatty acids, minimize van der waals forces
36
To correct fluidity if too hot
Increase saturated fatty acids, maximize van der waals forces
37
Transport that does not need ATP
Passive
38
Transport that requires ATP
Active
39
Transport that does not require a transport protein
Simple
40
Transport that requires a transport protein
Facilitated
41
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
42
3 factors that determine how a molecule moves across a membrane
Charge, shape, and size
43
Ligand binds specific protein receptors on the cell surface
Receptor-mediated transport system
44
Simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance
Group translocation
45
Main function of cell wall in prokaryotes
Prevent osmotic lysis
46
Pressure from water entering the cell causing the cell to rupture
Osmotic lysis
47
Hypertonic solution causing a cell to shrivel and die
Plasmolysis
48
Enzyme that breaks the bond between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
Lysozyme
49
Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
Penicillin
50
Stain purple and have a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram positive
51
Stain pink and have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer membrane
Gram negative
52
Structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of Bacteria
Peptidoglycan
53
Gram positive cell wall is blank percent peptidoglycan
90
54
Negatively charges molecule in gram positive cell wall that helps maintain the cell envelope
Teichoic acid
55
Lies between plasma membrane and cell wall of gram positive bacteria
Periplasmic space
56
Periplasmic space of gram positive is blank compared to gram negative
Smaller
57
Enzymes secreted by gram positive bacteria
Exoenzymes
58
Gram negative outer membrane is composed of
Phospholipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides
59
Peptidoglycan is blank percent of gram negative cell wall
5-10
60
Blank connects outer membrane to peptidoglycan
Braun's lipoproteins
61
Three parts of lipopolysaccharides
Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O side chain
62
Another name for lipid A
endotoxin
63
Functions of Lipopolysaccharides
Contributes to negative charge, stabilizes outer membrane, and creates permeability barrier
64
Gram negative outer membrane is more permeable than plasma membrane because of blank and blank
Porin proteins and transporter proteins
65
Polysaccharide rich material exterior to cell wall
Gylcocalyx
66
Two parts of Gylocalyx
Capsule and slime layer
67
Dense, tightly attached, regular layer of polysaccharides
Capsule
68
Diffuse, loosely attached, irregular layer of polysaccharides
Slime layer
69
Regularly structured layer of proteins exterior to cell wall
S layer
70
S layer adheres to outer membrane in
Gram-negative bacteria
71
S layer is associated with peptidoglycan surface in
Gram-positive bacteria
72
Functions of S layer
Protects from in and pH changes, maintains shape, and promotes adhesion to surfaces
73
Short thin hair-like projections on bacteria and archea
Fimbriae or pili
74
Function of pili
Mediate attachment
75
Bacteria flagella
Thin, rigid protein structures
76
One flagella
Monotrichous
77
Flagella at end of cell
Polar Flagellum
78
One flagella at each end of cell
Amphitrichous
79
Clusters of flagella
Lophotrichous
80
Flagella spread over entire surface
Peritrichous
81
Three parts of the flagella
Filament, hook, basal body
82
Direct cell movement due to some stimulus
Taxis
83
Flagella rotate like a propeller
Bacteria flagella
84
Bacterial flagella counter-clockwise movement
Forward
85
Bacterial flagella clockwise movement
Tumble
86
Two parts of flagella that produce torque
Rotor and stator
87
Spirochete motility
use corkscrew shape
88
Movement that involves contact with surface
Twitching and gliding
89
Network of fibrous proteins in cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
90
Functions of cytoskeleton
Role in cell division, protein localization, determine cell shape
91
Site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation
Anammoxosome
92
Membrane bound storage structures
Inclusions
93
Materials found in storage inclusions
Nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks
94
Not bound by membranes but compartmentalized for a specific function
Microcompartments
95
Example of microcompartments
Carboxysomes
96
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
97
Bacterial and archaea ribosomes
70s
98
Eukaryotic ribosomes
80s
99
Archaea more similar to blank than blank
Eukarya, Bacteria
100
Irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm where DNA is found
Nucleoid
101
Extrachromosomal DNA found in closed circular DNA molecules
Plasmids
102
Loss of plasmids
Curing
103
Complex, dormant structure whose function is to survive extreme environments for the organism
Bacterial Endospore
104
Bacterial endospore is resistant to
Radiation, heat, chemicals, and dessication
105
Endospore structure from outside in
Exosporium, spore coat, cortex, and core
106
Blank makes an endospore resistant
Calcium
107
Transformation of endospore into vegetative cell complex
Germination
108
Three steps to formation of a vegetative cell
Activation, germination, and outgrowth
109
Prepares cell for germination
Activation
110
Cell absorbs nutrients, spore swelling and rupture, loss of resistance, and increased metabolic rate
Germination
111
Emergence of vegetative cell
Outgrowth
