Chapter 3: Atomic structure .... Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A
  • An atom is the smallest unit that makes up an element.
    -E.g. Oxygen is an element that is made up of only oxygen atoms while an atom is made out of neutrons, protons and electrons.

(Tip: An atom is NOT the same as an element because an atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the chemical propeties of an element, while an element is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom.)

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2
Q

What does an atom consist of?

A
  • An atom consists of a nucleus, electron shells and sub-atomic particles, which include protons, nuetrons and electrons
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3
Q

What are nucleons?

A
  • Nucleons are protons and neutrons.
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4
Q

Where are the sub-atomic particles found in an atom?

A
  • The protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while the electrons are found in the electrons.
    -E.g. A berylium atom has 4 protons and 3 neutrons in its nucleus and 4 electorns arranged in its 2 electron shells.
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5
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a proton in an atom?

A

Sub-atomic particle: Proton
Relative mass: 1
Relative charge: +1
Location in the atom: Nucleus

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6
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a neutron in an atom?

A

Sub-atomic particle: Neutron
Relative mass: 1
Relative charge: 0
Location in the atom: Nucleus

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7
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of an electron in an atom?

A

Sub-atomic particle: Electron
Relative mass: 1/1840
Relative charge: -1
Location in the atom: Electron shell

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8
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A
  • The mass of an electron can be considered negligible.
  • The number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of electrons.
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9
Q

Why is an atom electrically neutral?

A
  • An atom is electrically neutral as the number of positively chagred protons is balanced by an equal number of negatively charged electrons.
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10
Q

What is a proton number?

A
  • A proton number is the number of protons in an atom.
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11
Q

What is the nucleon/mass number?

A
  • The nucleon/mass number is the number of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in an atom.
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12
Q

What is a nuclide notation?

A
  • A nuclide notation can be used to represent the proton number and nucelon number of an element.
  • E.g.
    35
    (Cl)
    17
    represents a chlorine atom with 17 protons and 35 nucleons, thus a chlorine atom has 35-17 = 18 neutrons.
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13
Q

What is an ion?

A
  • An ion is formed when an atom/a group of atoms loses or gains electrons.
  • E.g. of ions: NA+, Mg2+, F-, and DH-
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14
Q

What is the charge of an ion?

A
  • The charge of anion shows the number of electrons that are lost/gained.
  • E.g. #1: The Na+ ion has a charge of +1, so there is one more proton than electron in the Na+ ion. So the Na atom loses one electron to form the Na+ ion.
  • E.g. #2 : The F- ion has a charge of -1, so this shows that there is 1 more electron than porton in the F- ion. So the F atom gais one electron to form the F- ion.
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15
Q

What are isotopes?

A
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton number but different nucleon number.
  • E.g. Carbon 12 and carbon 14 are isotopes and both of them have 6 protons, but carbon 12 has 6 neutrons, while carbon 14 has 8 neutrons.
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16
Q

Does isotopes have the same numebr as electrons (in an atom) ?

A
  • YES, isotopes have the same number as electrons so they have similar chemical properties, BUT they have different physical properties such as density, melting point and boiling point.
17
Q

What is an atom made out of?

A
  • An atom has one or more electron shells
  • The first/inner most shells with the lowest energy level, and it is the closest to the nucleus.
  • The outermost shell is the highest energy level and it is the furthest from the nucleus.
18
Q

What is electronic configuration?

A
  • Electronic configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons in an atom and the electrons occupy the inner shells with the lowest energy first.
19
Q

What does the first/inermost, secod and third electron shell consist of?

A
  • The first/innermost electron shell contains at most 2 electrons.
  • The second and third electron shells can contain at MOST 8 electrons (maximum).
20
Q

What is the valence shell?

A
  • The valence shell is the outermost electron shell.
21
Q

What is the valence electrons?-

A
  • Valence electrons are the electrons found in the outermost shell.
22
Q

What is the electronic configuration and structure of hydrogen?

A
  • Hydrogen has 1 electron, so its electronic configuration is 1.
23
Q

What is the electronic configuration and structure of lithium?

A
  • Lithium has 3 electrons, so its 1st electron shell is filled with 2 electrons, while its 2nd valence shell is filled with 1 electron.
  • Thus its electronic configuration is 2 and 1.
24
Q

What is the electronic configuration and structure of sodium?

A
  • Sodium has 11 electrons, so its 1st electron shell is filled with 2 electrons while its 2nd shell is filled with 8 electrons, and its 3rd valence shell is filled with 1 electron.
  • Thus its electronic configuration is 2,8,1/
25
Q

What is helium and argon?

A
  • Helium and argon are both noble gases and group 18 elements.
  • Helium and argon have 2 valence electrons and 8 valence electrons respectively, so their valence shells are full and they are STABLE and UNREACTIVE.
26
Q

Are atoms that have valence shells that are NOT FULL, reactive?

A
  • YES, atoms with valence shells that are not full are reactive.
  • They tend to gain/lose/share electrons to achieve the stable electronic configuration of a noble gas.