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ACSM: Resources for the PT > Chapter 3: Anatomy & Kinesiology; Planes of motion, joints, skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Anatomy & Kinesiology; Planes of motion, joints, skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology definition

A

the study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structures and their involvement in movement

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2
Q

Biomechanics definition

A

the study of the motion and causes of motion of living things, using a branch of physics known as mechanics

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3
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: the front of the body

A

Anterior or ventral

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4
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: The back of the body

A

Posterior or dorsal

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5
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Located close to or on the body surface

A

Superficial

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6
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Below the surface

A

Deep

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7
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Closer to any reference point

A

Proximal

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8
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Farther from any reference point

A

Distal

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9
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Toward the head; higher

A

Superior or cephalic

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10
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Away from the head: lower

A

Inferior or caudal

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11
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Toward the midline of the body

A

Medial

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12
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Away from the midline of the body; to the side

A

Lateral

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13
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: On the same side

A

Ipsilateral

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14
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: On the opposite side

A

Contralateral

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15
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: One side

A

Unilateral

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16
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Both sides

A

Bilateral

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17
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Lying face down

A

Prone

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18
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Lying face up

A

Supine

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19
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Distal segment of a joint deviates laterally

A

Valgus

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20
Q

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Distal segment of a joint deviates medially

A

Varus

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21
Q

The 3 basic planes of motion

A

1) Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left sides 2) Frontal plane (also called “coronal” plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions 3) Transverse plane (also called “cross-sectional”, “axial”, or “horizontal” plane): divides the body into superior and inferior postions

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22
Q

Joint movement: Movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane

A

Flexion

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23
Q

Joint movement: Movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane

A

Extension

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24
Q

Joint movement: Movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

A

Abduction

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25
Q

Joint movement: Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

A

Adduction

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26
Q

Joint movement: Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 °

A

Horizontal Abduction

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27
Q

Joint movement: Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 °

A

Horizontal Adduction

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28
Q

Joint movement: Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

A

Internal (medial) rotation

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29
Q

Joint movement: Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

A

External (lateral) rotation

30
Q

Joint movement: Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

A

Lateral flexion (right or left)

31
Q

Joint movement: Right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

A

Rotation (right or left)

32
Q

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane

A

Elevation

33
Q

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane

A

Depression

34
Q

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane

A

Retraction

35
Q

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane

A

Protraction

36
Q

Joint movement: Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

A

Upward rotation

37
Q

Joint movement: Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

A

Downward rotation

38
Q

Joint movement: A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape

A

Circumduction

39
Q

Joint movement: Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

A

Radial deviation

40
Q

Joint movement: Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

A

Ulnar deviation

41
Q

Joint movement: Diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit

A

Opposition

42
Q

Joint movement: Abducting the ankle

A

Eversion

43
Q

Joint movement: Adduction the ankle

A

Inversion

44
Q

Joint movement: Flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane

A

Dorsiflexion

45
Q

Joint movement: Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane

A

Plantarflexion

46
Q

Joint movement: Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

A

Pronation (foot/ankle)

47
Q

Joint movement: Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot

A

Supination (foot/ankle)

48
Q

Skeletal system: axial & appendicular skeleton

A

Axial: the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. Appendicular: the upper and lower limbs and their girdles

49
Q

Skeletal system: it consists of what 3 things?

A

1) cartilage 2) periosteum 3) bone (osseous) tissue

50
Q

Skeletal system: 4 primary functions of bone in the skeletal system

A

1) support soft tissue 2) protect internal organs 3) act as important sources of nutrients and blood constituents 4) serve as rigid levers for movement

51
Q

Skeletal system: Number of bones in the body and how many engage in voluntary movements

A

206 & 177

52
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: Main portion of the long bone or shaft

A

diaphysis

53
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: The ends of the bone

A

epiphyses (singular is “epiphysis”)

54
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What is cartilage and what does it do?

A

Cartilage is a resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue that reduces the friction and absorbs some of the shock in synovial joints

55
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: The region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins each epiphysis

A

metaphysis

56
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: In an immature bone, the metaphysis region also includes what?

A

the epiphyseal plate, or the “growth plate”

57
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: the space inside the diaphysis

A

the medullary cavity, or marrow cavity

58
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What is lining the marrow cavity?

A

the endosteum, it contains cells necessary for bone development

59
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What is the membrane covering the surface of bones, except at articular surfaces?

A

Periosteum

60
Q

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What purpose does the periosteum serve?

A

it’s a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons, and is critical for bone growth, repair, and nutrition. It’s composed of 2 layers, an outer fibrous layer, and and inner highly vascular layer that contains cells for the creation of new bone.

61
Q

Articular system: 3 classifications of joints by functionality & structurally

A

1) Synarthrodial; no movement (ex.skull) also called Fibrous (held together by fibers)
2) Amphiarthrodial; slight movement (ex. vertebral column) also called Cartilaginous (held together by cartilage) 3) Diarthrodial or Synovial: lots of movement; most common.

62
Q

Articular system: Synovial joints, 5 distinct features

A
  1. It is enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule.
  2. The joint capsule encloses the joint cavity. 3. The joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane.
  3. Synovial fluid occupies the joint cavity.
  4. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduces friction.
63
Q

Articular system: 6 types of Synovial/Diarthrodial joints

A

1) Gliding or Plane 2) Hinge 3) Ellipsoidal or Condyloid 4) Saddle 5) Ball-and-socket 6) Pivot

64
Q

Articular system: movement when the distal segment of a joint moves in space

A

“Open chain” movements

65
Q

Articular system: movement when the distal segment of a joint is fixed in space

A

“Closed chain” movements

66
Q

Articular system: when there is the least joint congruency and the joint capsule and ligaments are most loose

A

“Open pack” joint position

67
Q

Articular system: position when there is both maximal congruency of the joint surfaces and maximal tautness of the joint capsule and ligaments.

A

“Closed pack” joint position

68
Q

Articular system: Joints with excessive ROM are called ______

A

hypermobile

69
Q

Articular system: Joints with restricted ROM are called ______

A

hypomobile

70
Q

Articular system: Five factors that account for joint stability

A
  1. Ligaments check normal movement and resist excessive movement.
  2. Muscles and tendons that span a joint also enhance stability, particularly when the bony structure alone contributes little stability (e.g., shoulder).
  3. Fascia contributes to joint stability (e.g., iliotibial band of the tensor fasciae latae).
  4. Atmospheric pressure creates greater force outside of the joint than internal pressure exerts within the joint cavity (the suction created by this pressure is an important factor in aiding joint stability).
  5. The bony structure of a joint is an important contributor to joint stability
71
Q

Skeletal system: what are the 2 types of bone called and what are their differences?

A

1) compact (dense): forms the external layer and contains few spaces, bears the weight 2) cancellous (spongy): less dense, contains “trabeculae” which are sometimes filled with red bone marrow which produces blood.

72
Q

Skeletal system: bones are classified according to their shape, what are the 5 classifications?

A

1) long bones (diaphysis/medullary canal) 2) short bones (small and thick) 3) flat bones (plate like) 4) irregular bones (oddly shaped) 5) Sesamoid bones (found within tendons and joint capsules)

ACSM: Resources for the PT (3 decks)

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