Chapter 3: Anatomy & Kinesiology; Planes of motion, joints, skeletal system

Question 1

Kinesiology definition

Answer 1

the study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structures and their involvement in movement

Question 2

Biomechanics definition

Answer 2

the study of the motion and causes of motion of living things, using a branch of physics known as mechanics

Question 3

Anatomical Locations & Positions: the front of the body

Answer 3

Anterior or ventral

Question 4

Anatomical Locations & Positions: The back of the body

Answer 4

Posterior or dorsal

Question 5

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Located close to or on the body surface

Answer 5

Superficial

Question 6

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Below the surface

Answer 6

Deep

Question 7

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Closer to any reference point

Answer 7

Proximal

Question 8

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Farther from any reference point

Answer 8

Distal

Question 9

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Toward the head; higher

Answer 9

Superior or cephalic

Question 10

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Away from the head: lower

Answer 10

Inferior or caudal

Question 11

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Toward the midline of the body

Answer 11

Medial

Question 12

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Away from the midline of the body; to the side

Answer 12

Lateral

Question 13

Anatomical Locations & Positions: On the same side

Answer 13

Ipsilateral

Question 14

Anatomical Locations & Positions: On the opposite side

Answer 14

Contralateral

Question 15

Anatomical Locations & Positions: One side

Answer 15

Unilateral

Question 16

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Both sides

Answer 16

Bilateral

Question 17

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Lying face down

Answer 17

Prone

Question 18

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Lying face up

Answer 18

Supine

Question 19

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Distal segment of a joint deviates laterally

Answer 19

Valgus

Question 20

Anatomical Locations & Positions: Distal segment of a joint deviates medially

Answer 20

Varus

Question 21

The 3 basic planes of motion

Answer 21

1) Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left sides 2) Frontal plane (also called “coronal” plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions 3) Transverse plane (also called “cross-sectional”, “axial”, or “horizontal” plane): divides the body into superior and inferior postions

Question 22

Joint movement: Movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane

Answer 22

Flexion

Question 23

Joint movement: Movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane

Answer 23

Extension

Question 24

Joint movement: Movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

Answer 24

Abduction

Question 25

Joint movement: Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

Answer 25

Adduction

Question 26

Joint movement: Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 °

Answer 26

Horizontal Abduction

Question 27

Joint movement: Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 °

Answer 27

Horizontal Adduction

Question 28

Joint movement: Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

Answer 28

Internal (medial) rotation

Question 29

Joint movement: Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

Answer 29

External (lateral) rotation

Question 30

Joint movement: Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

Answer 30

Lateral flexion (right or left)

Question 31

Joint movement: Right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

Answer 31

Rotation (right or left)

Question 32

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane

Answer 32

Elevation

Question 33

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane

Answer 33

Depression

Question 34

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane

Answer 34

Retraction

Question 35

Joint movement: Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane

Answer 35

Protraction

Question 36

Joint movement: Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

Answer 36

Upward rotation

Question 37

Joint movement: Inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

Answer 37

Downward rotation

Question 38

Joint movement: A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape

Answer 38

Circumduction

Question 39

Joint movement: Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

Answer 39

Radial deviation

Question 40

Joint movement: Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

Answer 40

Ulnar deviation

Question 41

Joint movement: Diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit

Answer 41

Opposition

Question 42

Joint movement: Abducting the ankle

Answer 42

Eversion

Question 43

Joint movement: Adduction the ankle

Answer 43

Inversion

Question 44

Joint movement: Flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane

Answer 44

Dorsiflexion

Question 45

Joint movement: Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane

Answer 45

Plantarflexion

Question 46

Joint movement: Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

Answer 46

Pronation (foot/ankle)

Question 47

Joint movement: Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot

Answer 47

Supination (foot/ankle)

Question 48

Skeletal system: axial & appendicular skeleton

Answer 48

Axial: the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. Appendicular: the upper and lower limbs and their girdles

Question 49

Skeletal system: it consists of what 3 things?

Answer 49

1) cartilage 2) periosteum 3) bone (osseous) tissue

Question 50

Skeletal system: 4 primary functions of bone in the skeletal system

Answer 50

1) support soft tissue 2) protect internal organs 3) act as important sources of nutrients and blood constituents 4) serve as rigid levers for movement

Question 51

Skeletal system: Number of bones in the body and how many engage in voluntary movements

Answer 51

206 & 177

Question 52

Skeletal system: Bone structure: Main portion of the long bone or shaft

Answer 52

diaphysis

Question 53

Skeletal system: Bone structure: The ends of the bone

Answer 53

epiphyses (singular is "epiphysis")

Question 54

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What is cartilage and what does it do?

Answer 54

Cartilage is a resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue that reduces the friction and absorbs some of the shock in synovial joints

Question 55

Skeletal system: Bone structure: The region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins each epiphysis

Answer 55

metaphysis

Question 56

Skeletal system: Bone structure: In an immature bone, the metaphysis region also includes what?

Answer 56

the epiphyseal plate, or the "growth plate"

Question 57

Skeletal system: Bone structure: the space inside the diaphysis

Answer 57

the medullary cavity, or marrow cavity

Question 58

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What is lining the marrow cavity?

Answer 58

the endosteum, it contains cells necessary for bone development

Question 59

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What is the membrane covering the surface of bones, except at articular surfaces?

Answer 59

Periosteum

Question 60

Skeletal system: Bone structure: What purpose does the periosteum serve?

Answer 60

it's a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons, and is critical for bone growth, repair, and nutrition. It's composed of 2 layers, an outer fibrous layer, and and inner highly vascular layer that contains cells for the creation of new bone.

Question 61

Articular system: 3 classifications of joints by functionality & structurally

Answer 61

1) Synarthrodial; no movement (ex.skull) also called Fibrous (held together by fibers) 2) Amphiarthrodial; slight movement (ex. vertebral column) also called Cartilaginous (held together by cartilage) 3) Diarthrodial or Synovial: lots of movement; most common.

Question 62

Articular system: Synovial joints, 5 distinct features

Answer 62

1. It is enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule. 2. The joint capsule encloses the joint cavity. 3. The joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane. 4. Synovial fluid occupies the joint cavity. 5. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduces friction.

Question 63

Articular system: 6 types of Synovial/Diarthrodial joints

Answer 63

1) Gliding or Plane 2) Hinge 3) Ellipsoidal or Condyloid 4) Saddle 5) Ball-and-socket 6) Pivot

Question 64

Articular system: movement when the distal segment of a joint moves in space

Answer 64

"Open chain" movements

Question 65

Articular system: movement when the distal segment of a joint is fixed in space

Answer 65

"Closed chain" movements

Question 66

Articular system: when there is the least joint congruency and the joint capsule and ligaments are most loose

Answer 66

"Open pack" joint position

Question 67

Articular system: position when there is both maximal congruency of the joint surfaces and maximal tautness of the joint capsule and ligaments.

Answer 67

"Closed pack" joint position

Question 68

Articular system: Joints with excessive ROM are called ______

Answer 68

hypermobile

Question 69

Articular system: Joints with restricted ROM are called ______

Answer 69

hypomobile

Question 70

Articular system: Five factors that account for joint stability

Answer 70

1. Ligaments check normal movement and resist excessive movement.         2. Muscles and tendons that span a joint also enhance stability, particularly when the bony structure alone contributes little stability (e.g., shoulder).         3. Fascia contributes to joint stability (e.g., iliotibial band of the tensor fasciae latae).   4. Atmospheric pressure creates greater force outside of the joint than internal pressure exerts within the joint cavity (the suction created by this pressure is an important factor in aiding joint stability).         5. The bony structure of a joint is an important contributor to joint stability

Question 71

Skeletal system: what are the 2 types of bone called and what are their differences?

Answer 71

1) compact (dense): forms the external layer and contains few spaces, bears the weight 2) cancellous (spongy): less dense, contains "trabeculae" which are sometimes filled with red bone marrow which produces blood.

Question 72

Skeletal system: bones are classified according to their shape, what are the 5 classifications?

Answer 72

1) long bones (diaphysis/medullary canal) 2) short bones (small and thick) 3) flat bones (plate like) 4) irregular bones (oddly shaped) 5) Sesamoid bones (found within tendons and joint capsules)