Chapter 3 Anatomy & Kinesiology (page 43 -70)

Question 1

Describe three (3) cardinal planes of movement

Answer 1

Horizontal (top/bottom) frontal (front/back) and saggittal (left/right)

Question 2

Define supine

Answer 2

Lying on the spine (on the back)

Question 3

Define prone

Answer 3

Lying face down

Question 4

Axial Skeleton

Answer 4

the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Question 5

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

upper and lower extremities, pelvic girdle, clavicle and scapulae

Question 6

Diarthorodial joints

Answer 6

Synovial joints most common joints. small space between articulating bones that allows for great ROM. These joints contain a synovial cavity, Articular capsule and articular cartilage.

Question 7

Cartilage

Answer 7

White, semi-opaque, fibrous connective tissue that cushions the joints and prevents wear on the joint surfaces.

Question 8

Synovial membrane

Answer 8

secrets synovial fluid and provides nourishment, lubrication and hydrostatic cushioning for the joint.

Question 9

Bursae

Answer 9

Liquid-filled membranes that protect soft tissues as they pass by bony projections.

Question 10

Ligament

Answer 10

band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability. Nonelastic

Question 11

tendon

Answer 11

Dense, fibrous connective tissue that forms at the end of a muscle and attaches muscle to bone. Can be stretched achilles

Question 12

Fascia

Answer 12

fibrous connective tissue that forms sheaths for individual muscles

Question 13

List the primary joint actions of the shoulder joint

Answer 13

1) Shoulder flexion- arms up with palms down
2) Shoulder extension- palms down pull arms back
3) Shoulder abduction - lift arms out to side and raise
4) Shoulder adduction - lift arms out to side bring to side
5) Shoulder horizontal adduction/shoulder horizontal flexion arms straight pull across the body -arms horizontal plane.
6) Shoulder horizontal abduction/shoulder extension arms pull away from midline when arms horizontal
7) Shoulder internal rotation -pull in when arm is bent
8) Shoulder external rotation - pull outward when arm is bent

Question 14

Name the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 14

SITS -form a cuff around the joint.

1) supraspinatus (above)
2) subscapularis (front)
3) infraspinatus (back)
4) trese minor (back)

Question 15

Describe the shoulder girdle and the eight (8) primary joint actions

Answer 15

1) Scapular elevation -upward movement
2) Scapular depression -downward movement
3) Scapular retraction/Adduction- pulled to midline
4) Scapular protraction/abduction - scapulae pulled away from midline
5) Scapular upward rotation - rotation upward turning in the frontal plane. Arms up and out to the side
6) Scapular downward rotation - return from upward rotation. arms out and bring down to midline
7) Scapular upward tilt- slouching over cat
8) Scapular reduction returning to good posture shoulders back

Question 16

There are ___ parts to the trapezius muscle. Name their primary joint actions

Answer 16

3-4 parts of trapezius
Upper trapezius Part I & 2 responsible for scapular elevation.
Middle trapezius Part III is primary mover for scapular retraction.
Lower Trapezius Part IV prime mover for scapular depression and upward rotation

Question 17

Scapular adduction is commonly referred to as

Answer 17

pulling scapula together. abduction pulling them away

Question 18

Define supination and pronation

Answer 18

Supination - brings palm upward so ulna & radius are parallel.

Pronation palms downward so radius is diagonal across the ulna.

Question 19

Name the four (4) primary joint actions of the spine

Answer 19

1) Spinal flexion
2) Spinal extension
3) Spinal rotation
4) Spinal lateral flexion

Question 20

Name the three (3) joint actions of the pelvic girdle

Answer 20

1) Anterior pelvic tilt
2) Posterior pelvic tilt
3) Lateral pelvic tilt

Question 21

Describe the concerns involved with excessive hip flexor strengthening and/tightness

Answer 21

If they are too strong or tight they can cause spine to be misaligned and potentially lead to back problems

Question 22

Name the three (3) muscles of hamstrings

Answer 22

1) Bicep femoris
2) Semitendinosus
3) Semembranosus
Purpose to bend Knee and hip involvement

Question 23

Name the four muscles of the quadriceps

Answer 23

1) Vastus lateralis
2) Vastus medialis
3) Vastus intermedius
4) Rectus femoris
Extend knee

Question 24

List the two (2) joint actions of the talocrural joint

Answer 24

Talocrural joint is a hinge joint. Junction is the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.
Actions-
ankle dorsiflexion top of foot to shin
ankle plantar flexion movement brings sole of foot downward.

Question 25

Define agonist

Answer 25

Prime mover, or the contracting muscle that is responsible for the movement you see.

Question 26

Define antagonist

Answer 26

The muscle that works in opposition to the prime mover and reflexively elongates to allow the agonist to contract and move the joint.

Question 27

Define stablizer

Answer 27

the muscle that maintains a static or isometric contraction to anchor to support the movement of other primary movers. Torso important for the spin.

Question 28

Define isometric

Answer 28

Mixed definitions. some call stabilizer some call an assistor. the muscle is contraction synergistically along with the prime mover in some way.

Question 29

Define concentric

Answer 29

shortening contraction of a muscle as it develops tension against resistance (positive contraction)

Question 30

Define eccentric

Answer 30

Lengthening action of a muscle tension against resistance (negative contraction)

Question 31

Name the three (3) types of levers, and give an example of each

Answer 31

First class -fulcrum is btw applied force (AF) and resistance (see-saw)
Second class - fulcrum or axis is at one of the lever, resistance is in teh middle and the applied force is the opposite end (wheelbarrow)
Third class. also has axis at one end but now the applied force is in the middle and the resistance is at the end. Using hammer to drive nail into a piece of wood.

Question 32

The two (2) joint actions of the subtalar joint

Answer 32

Articulation of the talus with the heel bone.

Actions:
Ankle eversion (pronation) movement of the ankle in which sole turns or lifts outward

Ankle inversion (supination) movement of the ankle in which the sole turns or lifts inward and the medial border of the foot tends to lift.