Chapter 3 Anatomy & Kinesiology (page 43 -70) Flashcards
Describe three (3) cardinal planes of movement
Horizontal (top/bottom) frontal (front/back) and saggittal (left/right)
Define supine
Lying on the spine (on the back)
Define prone
Lying face down
Axial Skeleton
the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton
upper and lower extremities, pelvic girdle, clavicle and scapulae
Diarthorodial joints
Synovial joints most common joints. small space between articulating bones that allows for great ROM. These joints contain a synovial cavity, Articular capsule and articular cartilage.
Cartilage
White, semi-opaque, fibrous connective tissue that cushions the joints and prevents wear on the joint surfaces.
Synovial membrane
secrets synovial fluid and provides nourishment, lubrication and hydrostatic cushioning for the joint.
Bursae
Liquid-filled membranes that protect soft tissues as they pass by bony projections.
Ligament
band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability. Nonelastic
tendon
Dense, fibrous connective tissue that forms at the end of a muscle and attaches muscle to bone. Can be stretched achilles
Fascia
fibrous connective tissue that forms sheaths for individual muscles
List the primary joint actions of the shoulder joint
1) Shoulder flexion- arms up with palms down
2) Shoulder extension- palms down pull arms back
3) Shoulder abduction - lift arms out to side and raise
4) Shoulder adduction - lift arms out to side bring to side
5) Shoulder horizontal adduction/shoulder horizontal flexion arms straight pull across the body -arms horizontal plane.
6) Shoulder horizontal abduction/shoulder extension arms pull away from midline when arms horizontal
7) Shoulder internal rotation -pull in when arm is bent
8) Shoulder external rotation - pull outward when arm is bent
Name the rotator cuff muscles
SITS -form a cuff around the joint.
1) supraspinatus (above)
2) subscapularis (front)
3) infraspinatus (back)
4) trese minor (back)
Describe the shoulder girdle and the eight (8) primary joint actions
1) Scapular elevation -upward movement
2) Scapular depression -downward movement
3) Scapular retraction/Adduction- pulled to midline
4) Scapular protraction/abduction - scapulae pulled away from midline
5) Scapular upward rotation - rotation upward turning in the frontal plane. Arms up and out to the side
6) Scapular downward rotation - return from upward rotation. arms out and bring down to midline
7) Scapular upward tilt- slouching over cat
8) Scapular reduction returning to good posture shoulders back
There are ___ parts to the trapezius muscle. Name their primary joint actions
3-4 parts of trapezius
Upper trapezius Part I & 2 responsible for scapular elevation.
Middle trapezius Part III is primary mover for scapular retraction.
Lower Trapezius Part IV prime mover for scapular depression and upward rotation
Scapular adduction is commonly referred to as
pulling scapula together. abduction pulling them away
Define supination and pronation
Supination - brings palm upward so ulna & radius are parallel.
Pronation palms downward so radius is diagonal across the ulna.
Name the four (4) primary joint actions of the spine
1) Spinal flexion
2) Spinal extension
3) Spinal rotation
4) Spinal lateral flexion
Name the three (3) joint actions of the pelvic girdle
1) Anterior pelvic tilt
2) Posterior pelvic tilt
3) Lateral pelvic tilt
Describe the concerns involved with excessive hip flexor strengthening and/tightness
If they are too strong or tight they can cause spine to be misaligned and potentially lead to back problems
Name the three (3) muscles of hamstrings
1) Bicep femoris
2) Semitendinosus
3) Semembranosus
Purpose to bend Knee and hip involvement
Name the four muscles of the quadriceps
1) Vastus lateralis
2) Vastus medialis
3) Vastus intermedius
4) Rectus femoris
Extend knee
List the two (2) joint actions of the talocrural joint
Talocrural joint is a hinge joint. Junction is the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.
Actions-
ankle dorsiflexion top of foot to shin
ankle plantar flexion movement brings sole of foot downward.
Define agonist
Prime mover, or the contracting muscle that is responsible for the movement you see.
Define antagonist
The muscle that works in opposition to the prime mover and reflexively elongates to allow the agonist to contract and move the joint.
Define stablizer
the muscle that maintains a static or isometric contraction to anchor to support the movement of other primary movers. Torso important for the spin.
Define isometric
Mixed definitions. some call stabilizer some call an assistor. the muscle is contraction synergistically along with the prime mover in some way.
Define concentric
shortening contraction of a muscle as it develops tension against resistance (positive contraction)
Define eccentric
Lengthening action of a muscle tension against resistance (negative contraction)
Name the three (3) types of levers, and give an example of each
First class -fulcrum is btw applied force (AF) and resistance (see-saw)
Second class - fulcrum or axis is at one of the lever, resistance is in teh middle and the applied force is the opposite end (wheelbarrow)
Third class. also has axis at one end but now the applied force is in the middle and the resistance is at the end. Using hammer to drive nail into a piece of wood.
The two (2) joint actions of the subtalar joint
Articulation of the talus with the heel bone.
Actions: Ankle eversion (pronation) movement of the ankle in which sole turns or lifts outward
Ankle inversion (supination) movement of the ankle in which the sole turns or lifts inward and the medial border of the foot tends to lift.
