Chapter 2 Exercise Physiology (pages 23-42)

Question 1

Describe the structure of the heart

Answer 1

Muscular organ located in the chest diagonally behind breastbone and sternum. The size of a fist. Divided into right and left sides by the septum and upper and lower chambers atria (receive blood) and ventricle (pump blood lungs/body). Valves Right side (semilunar): Tricuspid and pulmonary values Valves Left side: aortic and mitral valves (atrioventricular valves).

Question 2

Define Myocardial Infarcation (MI)

Answer 2

Heart attack occurs due to lack of blood flow (ischemia) through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle

Question 3

Define Ischemia

Answer 3

Lack of blood flow

Question 4

Define Stroke Volume

Answer 4

The amount of blood pumped with each heart beat or systole

Question 5

Name the semilunar valves

Answer 5

Triscuspid and pulmonary valves

Question 6

Name the atrioventricular valves

Answer 6

Aortic and mitral valves

Question 7

Three layers of layers of heart tissue

Answer 7

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

Question 8

Protective sac around the heart

Answer 8

Pericardium

Question 9

Thin membrane around on outermost layer of the heart

Answer 9

epicardium

Question 10

Most muscular layer of heart that performs most of the work

Answer 10

Myocardium

Question 11

Smooth membrane that lines the heart

Answer 11

Endocardium

Question 12

Define Cardiac Output

Answer 12

(heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output). Measured in liters of blood pumped per minute

Question 13

Define Venous Return

Answer 13

Blood that leaves capillaries and returns to the venous system, which returns back to the heart.

Question 14

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 14

Occurs when someone holds their breath during strenous activity such as lifting weights or shoveling snow. The glottis is closed against pressure, which causes increased thoracic pressure leading to decreased venous return to the heart, reducing blood flow to the coronary arteries and blood flow to the brain.

Question 15

Minute ventilation

Answer 15

The total amount of air breathed in one minute; approximately 6 liters of air exchanged per minute

Question 16

Residual Lung Volume

Answer 16

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after complete forced exhalation

Question 17

Forced vital capacity

Answer 17

is a value measured during fitness assessments; it is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximal inhale.

Question 18

Total lung capacity

Answer 18

Sum of the residual volume plus the forced vital capacity.

Question 19

The Valslava maneuver can trigger

Answer 19

arrhythmias and potentially serious complications Remind people to breathe!!

Question 20

Describe the blow flow patterns of heart

Answer 20

Right atrium through triscupid to R ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries to the lungs pulmonary vein to left atrium through mitral valve to left ventricle through the aorta to the body.

Question 21

Blood through the circulatory system

Answer 21

Left atrium to left ventricle to aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to venae cava to right atrium.

Question 22

Describe structures of pulmonary system

Answer 22

Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, right or left bronchus, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs, alveoli (gas exchange through capillaries–pulmonary diffusion)

Question 23

Define Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 23

A form of energy that can be directly used by the body.
Composed of adenosine (nitrogen based), ribose (5-carbon sugar) and three phosphate groups. The way food energy is stored in the body. ATP is necessary for cellular work and is needed in especially large quantities during exercise. Adenosine - P ~ P ~ P = ATP

Question 24

List the three metabolic pathways or energy systems

Answer 24

1) Phosphagen (ATP-PC) System
2) Anaerobic Glycolytic (Lactic Acid) System
3) Aerobic Energy System (Oxidative)

Question 25

What energy system uses glucose, fat, and protein for fuel

Answer 25

Aerobic Energy System (Oxidative)

Question 26

Which energy system has as a limiting factor of a small suppy of CP?

Answer 26

Phosphagen (ATP-PC) System

Question 27

List exercises and activities that rely primarily on aerobic system

Answer 27

low to moderate intensity exercise: Distance running (>5,000), distance swimming (> 1,500meters), distance cycling ( >10 km), cross-country hiking (>5,000), and 40-60 minutes of cardio group exercise.

Question 28

List exercises and activities that rely primarily on Anaerobic Glycolytic system (Lactic Acid)

Answer 28

prolong sprints (400-800 meters running, 100-200 meters swimmings, or 1,000 -2,000 meters cycling). high intensity rallies in soccer, field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, basketball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, and other sports. Intermittent burst of higher energy production. Sustained, high-intensity effort lasting 1-2 minutes.

Question 29

List exercises and activities that rely primarily on Phosphagen system

Answer 29

primary energy source for very short, high intense activities: Sprinting, jumping, throwing, kicking and heavy lifting lasting no more than 15-20 secons. 100-200 meter sprints, 50 meter swimming sprints, high jump, long jump, shot put, discus and power lifting.

Question 30

Define Glucose

Answer 30

the body’s usable form of carbohydrates

Question 31

Define Lactic Acid

Answer 31

Produced in the muscles during strenuous activities. When the oxygen level in the body is normal, carbohydrate breaks down into water and carbon dioxide. When the oxygen level is low, carbohydrate breaks down for energy and makes lactic acid.

Question 32

Define Glycolysis

Answer 32

the catabolism of carbohydrates, as glucose and glycogen, by enzymes, with the release of energy and the production of lactic or pyruvic acid.

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

a subcellular structure where oxidation takes place. Here acetyl groups (Acetyl CoA) are formed from the pyruvic acid, ready to enter the second component the Krebs cycle

Question 34

Beta Oxidation

Answer 34

Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-coA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are used by the electron transport chain.

Question 35

Krebs Oxidation

Answer 35

The Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) is a part of cellular respiration. Named after Hans Krebs, it is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. central metabolic pathway in all aerobic organisms. The cycle is a series of eight reactions that occur in the mitochondrion.

Question 36

Electron Transport System

Answer 36

The electron transport chain (aka ETC) is a process in which the NADH and [FADH2] produced during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the form of ATP. The mechanism by which ATP is formed in the ETC is called chemiosmotic phosphorolation.

Question 37

Anaerobic Threshold

Answer 37

know as the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) is the point during exercise at which the work becomes so

Question 38

Maximal Oxygen uptake (VO2 Max)

Answer 38

Maximal Oxygen Consumption or VO2 Max. Indicator of aerobic fitness. Maximum amount of oxygen consumed and utilized by the body during an all out effort to exhaustion. Measures maximum effort to resynthesize ATP.

Question 39

EPOC

Answer 39

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption refers to the additional oxygen consumed immediately after an exercise bout when the body is no longer exercising. Extra O2 consumed post exercise formerly know as O2 debt

Question 40

Describe the Nervous System

Answer 40

Brain, spinal cord, and complex network of nerves. Brain and spinal cord = CNS and cranial and spinal nerves make up perhipheral nervous system (sensory and motor)

Question 41

Name the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 41

Skeletal (voluntary),
Smooth- not striated wall organs GI
Cardiac muscle - walls of the heart involuntary.

Question 42

Name and describe the two (2) major muscle fiber types

Answer 42

Slow twitch - high # mitochondria and perfused with blood
Used for long-term low to moderate intensity posture to long distance running.

Fast-twitch poor aerobic endurance. Produce ATP anaerobically, have fewer mitochondria. short duration high intensity activities, explosive states

Question 43

What is the sliding filament theory?

Answer 43

theory explaining muscle shortening. Cross-bridges, or myosin heads are thought to attach to specialized sites along the actin filaments, causing myosin and actin to slide past each other in opposite directions. Myosin pulls the actin inward. sarcomere shortens

Question 44

Define Sarcomere

Answer 44

Muscle fibers contain myofibrils that have the basic functional unit known as sarcomere. Within the sacromere are thin myofilaments that cause muscle action.

Question 45

Define Actin

Answer 45

thin protein filaments of the myofibril

Question 46

Define Myosin

Answer 46

Thick protein filaments of the myofibril. Grab on to the actin filaments to make crossbridges. Shortens sacromere

Question 47

Define Motor Unit

Answer 47

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates.

Question 48

Describe the function of a muscle spindle

Answer 48

The proprioceptive receptor that attaches to the sheaths of surrounding muscle fibers and is parallel to the muscle. It sends afferent (sensory) information to the brain about changes in muscle length and the speed at which changes are occurring. Relay message to spinal cord to cause contraction in the same muscle.