Chapter 2 Exercise Physiology (pages 23-42) Flashcards
Describe the structure of the heart
Muscular organ located in the chest diagonally behind breastbone and sternum. The size of a fist. Divided into right and left sides by the septum and upper and lower chambers atria (receive blood) and ventricle (pump blood lungs/body). Valves Right side (semilunar): Tricuspid and pulmonary values Valves Left side: aortic and mitral valves (atrioventricular valves).
Define Myocardial Infarcation (MI)
Heart attack occurs due to lack of blood flow (ischemia) through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle
Define Ischemia
Lack of blood flow
Define Stroke Volume
The amount of blood pumped with each heart beat or systole
Name the semilunar valves
Triscuspid and pulmonary valves
Name the atrioventricular valves
Aortic and mitral valves
Three layers of layers of heart tissue
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
Protective sac around the heart
Pericardium
Thin membrane around on outermost layer of the heart
epicardium
Most muscular layer of heart that performs most of the work
Myocardium
Smooth membrane that lines the heart
Endocardium
Define Cardiac Output
(heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output). Measured in liters of blood pumped per minute
Define Venous Return
Blood that leaves capillaries and returns to the venous system, which returns back to the heart.
Valsalva maneuver
Occurs when someone holds their breath during strenous activity such as lifting weights or shoveling snow. The glottis is closed against pressure, which causes increased thoracic pressure leading to decreased venous return to the heart, reducing blood flow to the coronary arteries and blood flow to the brain.
Minute ventilation
The total amount of air breathed in one minute; approximately 6 liters of air exchanged per minute
Residual Lung Volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after complete forced exhalation
Forced vital capacity
is a value measured during fitness assessments; it is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximal inhale.
Total lung capacity
Sum of the residual volume plus the forced vital capacity.
The Valslava maneuver can trigger
arrhythmias and potentially serious complications Remind people to breathe!!
Describe the blow flow patterns of heart
Right atrium through triscupid to R ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries to the lungs pulmonary vein to left atrium through mitral valve to left ventricle through the aorta to the body.
Blood through the circulatory system
Left atrium to left ventricle to aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to venae cava to right atrium.
Describe structures of pulmonary system
Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, right or left bronchus, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs, alveoli (gas exchange through capillaries–pulmonary diffusion)
Define Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A form of energy that can be directly used by the body.
Composed of adenosine (nitrogen based), ribose (5-carbon sugar) and three phosphate groups. The way food energy is stored in the body. ATP is necessary for cellular work and is needed in especially large quantities during exercise. Adenosine - P ~ P ~ P = ATP
List the three metabolic pathways or energy systems
1) Phosphagen (ATP-PC) System
2) Anaerobic Glycolytic (Lactic Acid) System
3) Aerobic Energy System (Oxidative)
What energy system uses glucose, fat, and protein for fuel
Aerobic Energy System (Oxidative)
Which energy system has as a limiting factor of a small suppy of CP?
Phosphagen (ATP-PC) System
List exercises and activities that rely primarily on aerobic system
low to moderate intensity exercise: Distance running (>5,000), distance swimming (> 1,500meters), distance cycling ( >10 km), cross-country hiking (>5,000), and 40-60 minutes of cardio group exercise.
List exercises and activities that rely primarily on Anaerobic Glycolytic system (Lactic Acid)
prolong sprints (400-800 meters running, 100-200 meters swimmings, or 1,000 -2,000 meters cycling). high intensity rallies in soccer, field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, basketball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, and other sports. Intermittent burst of higher energy production. Sustained, high-intensity effort lasting 1-2 minutes.
List exercises and activities that rely primarily on Phosphagen system
primary energy source for very short, high intense activities: Sprinting, jumping, throwing, kicking and heavy lifting lasting no more than 15-20 secons. 100-200 meter sprints, 50 meter swimming sprints, high jump, long jump, shot put, discus and power lifting.
Define Glucose
the body’s usable form of carbohydrates
Define Lactic Acid
Produced in the muscles during strenuous activities. When the oxygen level in the body is normal, carbohydrate breaks down into water and carbon dioxide. When the oxygen level is low, carbohydrate breaks down for energy and makes lactic acid.
Define Glycolysis
the catabolism of carbohydrates, as glucose and glycogen, by enzymes, with the release of energy and the production of lactic or pyruvic acid.
Mitochondria
a subcellular structure where oxidation takes place. Here acetyl groups (Acetyl CoA) are formed from the pyruvic acid, ready to enter the second component the Krebs cycle
Beta Oxidation
Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-coA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are used by the electron transport chain.
Krebs Oxidation
The Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) is a part of cellular respiration. Named after Hans Krebs, it is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. central metabolic pathway in all aerobic organisms. The cycle is a series of eight reactions that occur in the mitochondrion.
Electron Transport System
The electron transport chain (aka ETC) is a process in which the NADH and [FADH2] produced during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the form of ATP. The mechanism by which ATP is formed in the ETC is called chemiosmotic phosphorolation.
Anaerobic Threshold
know as the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) is the point during exercise at which the work becomes so
Maximal Oxygen uptake (VO2 Max)
Maximal Oxygen Consumption or VO2 Max. Indicator of aerobic fitness. Maximum amount of oxygen consumed and utilized by the body during an all out effort to exhaustion. Measures maximum effort to resynthesize ATP.
EPOC
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption refers to the additional oxygen consumed immediately after an exercise bout when the body is no longer exercising. Extra O2 consumed post exercise formerly know as O2 debt
Describe the Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, and complex network of nerves. Brain and spinal cord = CNS and cranial and spinal nerves make up perhipheral nervous system (sensory and motor)
Name the three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal (voluntary),
Smooth- not striated wall organs GI
Cardiac muscle - walls of the heart involuntary.
Name and describe the two (2) major muscle fiber types
Slow twitch - high # mitochondria and perfused with blood
Used for long-term low to moderate intensity posture to long distance running.
Fast-twitch poor aerobic endurance. Produce ATP anaerobically, have fewer mitochondria. short duration high intensity activities, explosive states
What is the sliding filament theory?
theory explaining muscle shortening. Cross-bridges, or myosin heads are thought to attach to specialized sites along the actin filaments, causing myosin and actin to slide past each other in opposite directions. Myosin pulls the actin inward. sarcomere shortens
Define Sarcomere
Muscle fibers contain myofibrils that have the basic functional unit known as sarcomere. Within the sacromere are thin myofilaments that cause muscle action.
Define Actin
thin protein filaments of the myofibril
Define Myosin
Thick protein filaments of the myofibril. Grab on to the actin filaments to make crossbridges. Shortens sacromere
Define Motor Unit
One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates.
Describe the function of a muscle spindle
The proprioceptive receptor that attaches to the sheaths of surrounding muscle fibers and is parallel to the muscle. It sends afferent (sensory) information to the brain about changes in muscle length and the speed at which changes are occurring. Relay message to spinal cord to cause contraction in the same muscle.
