Chapter 3-Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the structure-and relationship between body parts
Physiology
Study of functions of parts and as a the body whole
Cell
Basic unit of life, smallest living organism
3 main parts of a cell
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
Cell membrane
Outer covering of cell that regulates what enters and leaves it.
Cytoplasm
Clear-jelly like substance between cell membrane and nucleus contains cell fluid and organelles
Nucleus
Functional center governs activity and heredity. Brain of cell, can duplicate cell.
Tissue and types
Group of cells that perform a specialized function.
Epithelial- covers external body and lining
Connective- provides support stores energy connects to other tissue (bone, fat, cartilage, blood)
Muscular- shortens and contracts
Nervous- carries messagesbetween body and brain
Organs
Contains 2 or more tissue that function together for a purpose
System
Group of organs that work together to carry out particular activity.
Skeletal system
5 main functions
206 bones, provide movement.
Give body shape and support Allow movement Protect vital organs Produce blood cells Store calcium
Tendon
Cord of Connective tissue. Fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Ligament
Band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Cartilage
Flexible conn: tissue (, ears and nose, ribs to sternum, lusnon between bones)
Ossification
Process where cartilage is replaced by bone
Joint and types
Place where 2 bones meet
Gliding- vertebrae
Ball and socket- bone with rounded head that fits into cups-allows. swing motion..
Pivot- allows turning motion
Hinge- allows front and back bending (elbows, knees)
Synovial membrane
Lining of joint. Secretes synovial allied
Cortical
Compact pone, hard outer layer surrounded by periosteum ( forming bone and blood vessels)
Cancellous
Spongy bone, inner layer of bone
Skeletal system procedures
Craniotomy, anterior cervical jusich, PLIF, ORIF, TKA, THA, external fixation, hippinning trigger finger release, tibial ostectomy
Fascia
Band or sheet of fiborous conn. Tissue
Types of muscle tissue (3)
Skeletal- attached to bone by tendon
Smooth- flat sheet, involuntary and voluntary (breathing, movement of food and blood )
Cardiac- woven fibers throughout heart.invomuntaly
Muscular procedures
Faciotomy → incision into fiborars memo. To relieve pressure from injury /swollen muscle
Herniorinaphy- repairing cavity wall muscle layer
Rotator cuff - repair muscle and ligament of joint
ACL, muscle biopsy, tendon repair
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Protected by meninges
Control center
Brain
Main control unit of c.n.s 100 billion nerve cells.
Divided into: cerebellum, cerebrum, brain steam
Cerebrum functions
Manage nerve impulses, control voluntary muscle contractions, interpret sensory info, influence personality, emotions and attitudes
Largest part of Brain
Cerebellum
2nd largest controls muscle coordination, balance and posture
Brain stem
Controls many automatic body functions ( heart beat and breathing )
Peripheral nervous system
All nervous tissue outside the central nervous system
Eyes
Sclera - white portion protects
Cornea- part of sclera In front of eye that is clear
Choroid- middle layer
Furnishes nourishment to eye via vessel.. Has iris (colored part), pupil (openingcontrols light entrance)
Aqueous humor - watery fluid that fills anterior part of eye (between cornea and lens)
retina- third layer, back of eye, lens focuses light on to retina.
Vitreous humor- fluid filled gives eye shape
Ears
External: serves as a funnel to send sound to ear canal to tympanic membrane..
Middle: tight membrane to separate inner and middle ear. Vibrations enter middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)
Inner:. Vibrations are passed through bones into fluid sac then into cochlea, semi-circular canals (body balance is regulated)
Nose
Has olfactory bulb at end of olfactory nerves
Tongue
Has test buds chemical sense.
4 tastes:
Salty, bitter, sour, sweet
Skin
Largest body organ
Nervous system procedures
Craniotomy, carpal tunnel repair, ulna nerve transposition, cataract extraction with implant, corneal transplant , BMT, stapedectomy tympanoplasty STSG
Parts of endocrine system
Pituitary gland- master gland helps control activities of the glands regulates bp, growth hormones sexual-organs
Thyroid- hormones regulate metabolism maintain ca and k
Adrenal- stress increase hr and strength (flight + fight)
Parathyroid - controls Ca in blood
Pancreas- release insulin→ drops sugar, and glucagon → increases sugar
Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesterone
Testes- produce testosterone
Hormones
Chemical messenger travels through blood and act on target organ
Metabolism
Total chemical change by which, nutritional and functional activities of organism are maintained
Sperm
Male sex cell
Ovum
Female sexcell
Chromosome
Rod-shape → responsible for inherited characteristics passed from parent to child
Epididymis
A tube that carries sperm from, testes to vas deferens
Vas deferens
Duct that transfers sperm from epididymis to the seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct
Duct formed by seminal vesicles with Vans deferens, which semen moves
Seminal vesicles
Gland that produces semen
Prostate gland
Produce a quid element insemen that stimulates The movement of sperm
Vagina -
Muscular canal in female extends from opening to Neck of uterus
Cervix
Lower neck of uterus
Uterus
Where fetus develops
Endometrium
Lining of uterus
Fallopian tubes
Tubes tha convey the ova from ovary to uterus
Fimbriae
Finger-like projections extending from Fallopian tubes that pull eggs into tubes
Reproductive system procedures
Orchiopexy, TURP, radical prostatectomy, hysterectomy, BSO, endometrial abrasion,D and c, ectopic pregnancy, Pelviscopy, tubal ligation, vasectomy
Urinary and excretory system
Average excrete 1,000 -1800cc per-day
Kidneys
Organs remove excess water and waste substances from blood in a process that yields urine
(nephron)
Ureters
Tube extending from kidney to bladder to move urine
Urinary bladder
Resouvior for urine
Liver
Filters blood to remove amino acids and neutralize some harmful toxins
Skin
Sweatglands process. perspiration
Remove excess water salt and bodily waste and help cool body
Excretory procedures
Nephrectomy-remaral
Lithotripsy
Cytoscopy
Respiratory system
Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Nose
Organ of smell, filters air
Mouth
Opening, air and food enter, start of alimentary canal
Pharynx
Throat
Esophagus
Throat to stomach.
Larynx
Voice box, air passes through to lungs
Trachea
Windpipe, dividing into bronchi which air travels to wings
Bronchi
Main passage wayfrom trachea to lungs
Lungs
Main organ cf respiratory, removes Carbon from blood and transports oxygen to blood
Respiratory procedures
Thoracotomy, thoracoscopy pneumonectomy tracheotomy, lobectomy, laryngectomy, septoplasty ESS
Digestive system
Convert food into energy
Alimentary canal
Pathway food takes through digestive tract
Approx, 30ft long
Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus
Small intestine
Greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients into body cells
Large intestine (colon)
Dehydrates digestive residue
Digestive procedures
Appendectomy, parotidectomy (removal of salivary gland , ) gastrectomy. Gastric-bypass, gastric banding, cholecystectomy, colectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Circulatory system
Delivers nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries carbon and waste away
Lumpnatic system
Rote is body defense against disease
Blood
Body contains 5- 7 L
Plasma
Largest blood component transports nutrients and helps remove waste
RBC
Carry oxygen life span 120 days produced In bone marrow
WBC
Help defend body from infection or invaders
Life span hours to years
Produced in done marrow
Platelets
Help blood clot
Detach from bone marrow andenter stream
Life span 10 days
Enzymes create fibrin
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
Veins
Carry blood back toneart
Capillaries
Connection between arteries and veins
Atria
Upper 2 Chambers of heart
Ventricks
Lower 2 Chambers of heart
Aorta
Largest bloodressel
Circulatory procedures
Tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy,(removal oftonsils) av fistula aaa hemorrnoidectomy, CABG, carotid endarterectomy
