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intro to Chem > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The total mass of a substance does not change during a chemical reaction

A

Law of mass conservation

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2
Q

A given compound always has the same composition / same amount of ratio of elements

A

Constant composition

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3
Q

When two elements react to form more than one compound

A

Law of multiple proportions

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4
Q

Hydrogen and oxygen can combine to create both H2O (water) and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) is an example of

A

Law of multiple proportions example

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5
Q
  1. Elements are made up of atoms
  2. An elements atoms are identical
  3. Atoms of an element will differ from other elements.
  4. Atoms of one element combined with atoms of another element create a compound
  5. Atoms are indivisible in a chemical process
A

Daltons atomic theory

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6
Q

Used to study charge particles

A

Cathode ray tube

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7
Q

Used to find out the charge of an electron

A

Milligan’s oil drop experiment

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8
Q

The main premise of the Millikan oil drop experiment

A

The oil droplets with the higher amount of positively charged electrons would sink faster to the bottom

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9
Q

The smallest difference in speeds of oil droplets in Millikans experiment happened

A

The difference of 1 electron

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10
Q

The 3 key characteristics of an electron

A
  1. Negative charged particles
  2. Very light compared to an atom
  3. They move rapidly within the atom
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11
Q

The mass of an electron

A

1/1836th the mass of a Hydrogen atom

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12
Q

The mass of an atom is not due to

A

Electrons

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13
Q

The atom

A

A cloud of positive charge with very small particles of negative charge embedded in it

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14
Q

An electron

A

Negative charge

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15
Q

Alpha particles are

A

Small positively charged particles

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16
Q

The alpha particles that were reflected in the gold experiment

A

Hit the nucleus.

*what happened to the the alpha particles when it hit the nucleus

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17
Q

The nucleus has a __ charge?

A

Positive charge

  • a positive charge in the nucleus is what
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18
Q

The center of a atom

A

The nucleus

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19
Q

Majority of the volume of an atom consists of

A

Electrons

*electrons are the majority of what

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20
Q

The size of a nucleus

A

Is very small

*what is very small in a atom?

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21
Q

What is a common expression said about atoms?

A

That they are empty space

*”made up of empty space” is a common answer to what

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22
Q

Uncharged particles

A

Neutrons

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23
Q

Neutrons have a mass of __ and a charge of __

*neutrons

A

1 and zero.

  • what has a mass of one and a charge of zero
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24
Q

What is mass?

*mass

A

The quantity of matter in an object

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25
Q

The structure of the nucleus consists of

*nucleus

A

Protons and neutrons

*protons and neutrons make up the structure of

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26
Q

2000 times the mass of a neutron

A

Proton (size)

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27
Q

Charge of a proton

A

+1

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28
Q

Charge 0

A

Neutron (charge)

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29
Q

A neutral atom

A

of protons = # of electrons

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30
Q

This particle defines an element

*it defines it

A

A proton

*a proton has what relationship with an element

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31
Q

Visualize this in your head - where is the mass number located?

A

Top left

Skip

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32
Q

The mass number equals

A

of p + # of n

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33
Q

Visualize this in your head - The atomic number is located?

A

Bottom left

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34
Q

The atomic number equals

A

of protons OR # of e for neutral atoms

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35
Q

Electrons are

A

Negative charged particles in an atom

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36
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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37
Q

To determine the isotopes

A

Atomic numbers must be the same

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38
Q

The nucleus is composed of

A

Positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons

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39
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by

A

Negatively charged electrons

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40
Q

The mass of an atom is

A

Derived mainly from the nucleus

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41
Q

Why is the majority of the mass inside of the nucleus

A

Because protons and neutrons are much heavier than electrons

42
Q

Go from heaviest to lightest with e,p, and n

A

Neutrons heaviest, then protons, then electrons which are lightest

*skip

43
Q

The atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus is

44
Q

Defining trait in an element

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

*skip

45
Q

Atomic number =

A

Number of protons

*skip

46
Q

All atoms have the same __ but can have a different ___

A

Atomic number; mass number

47
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same atomic number (protons) but not the same mass number (different neutrons)

48
Q

If you are given the atomic mass and the atomic number how do you find the amount of neutrons

A

Mass minus the atomic number

49
Q

Radiation with no electric charge

A

Gamma rays

50
Q

Radiation with a negative charge

A

Beta particle

51
Q

Radiation with a positive charge

A

Alpha particles

52
Q

Weight of alpha,beta, gamma particles

A
  1. Heavy weight
  2. medium weight
  3. Light weight
53
Q

Penetrating abilities of particles

A

Alpha particles can be stopped by thick paper

Beta particles by aluminum foil

Gamma rays by a lead wall

54
Q

Gamma rays and x rays are forms of

A

Electromagnetic radiation

55
Q

Gamma rays in comparison to x rays

A

Shorter wave length and higher energy

56
Q

Strong nuclear force

A

Protons should repel each other in the nucleus. This keeps it together

57
Q

Electrostatic force

A

repulsive force between two electrically charged objects

58
Q

Where do alpha particles come from

A

When the nucleus becomes to big it becomes unstable and some particles will fall apart

59
Q

Alpha particle has an elemental nucleus of

A

Helium

*skip

60
Q

Alpha particles - protons and neutrons

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

61
Q

Alpha particle is related to which element?

A

Helium

62
Q

Alpha decay means

A

Minus the mass (4) and the atomic number (2) from the element

63
Q

A beta particle can also be known as a

A

Electron

*skip

64
Q

Instead of an atomic number, what would you put for a beta particle?

A

-1

65
Q

Mass of a beta particle

A

0

66
Q

What happens to the atomic number in beta decay?

A

It increases

*skip

67
Q

beta decay increase the atomic number

A

Neutrons become protons

68
Q

mass and atomic number for protons

A

1 and 1

69
Q

Mass spectrometer

A

Used to measure isotopes

70
Q

Average atomic number

A

Is the average of all the isotopes of an element

71
Q

The simple version of isotopes

A

Different versions of an element or a type of atom

72
Q

Isotopes protons and neutrons

A

Have the same protons but different neutrons

73
Q

Calculation of the average atomic mass of an element

A

Atomic mass x percentage/100

Do that to all them then add all together

74
Q

ions

A

atoms or groups of atoms with an electrical charge

75
Q

two types of atoms

A

cations

anions

76
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions result from losing an electron

77
Q

anions

A

negative charged ions resulting from a gain of an electron

78
Q

neutral atom

A

protons = electrons

79
Q

formation of ions

A

gaining or losing electrons

80
Q

removing or adding protons

A

change in element

81
Q

ions do or do not change the element

A

do not

*skip

82
Q

the amount of protons

A

atomic number

83
Q

the amount of neutrons

A

atomic number minus the mass number

84
Q

the amount of electrons

A

its the same amount as protons (atomic number) but look if it has an electrical charge

85
Q

element with a negative in the top right, what does that do to the number of electrons?

A

adds one electron

*skip

86
Q

a positive charge on an element tells you what

A

how many electrons you need to subtract

87
Q

a negative charge on an element tells you what

A

how many electrons you need to add

88
Q

posititve charges or cations are metals t/f

A

true

*skip

89
Q

how are the elements organized on the periodic table in relation to their charge

A

the elements with the same charge are in the same column

*skip

90
Q

noble gases in relation to their ions

A

this column does not contain ions on the periodic table

91
Q

compound

A

formed when two or more elements combine together in a fixed ratio

92
Q

3 types of chemical formulas

A

molecular, structural, emperical

93
Q

molecular formula

A

shows the actual composition of a molecule

94
Q

structural formula

A

shows the actual composition of a molecule and how the atoms are connected

95
Q

emperical formula

A

shows the simplest whole number ratio between the atoms in a compound

96
Q

stable/unstable: noble gases

A

very stable

97
Q

stable/unstable: alkali metals

A

unstable

98
Q

3 Properties of non metals

A

Not shiny, not malleable, poor conductors of heat and electricity

99
Q

Period and group meaning

A

Laterally, up and down periodic table

100
Q

Allotropes

A

Different forms of the same element in the same state

intro to Chem (11 decks)

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