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intro to Chem > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 main things that chemistry studies?

A
  1. Matter and its properties,
  2. Interactions of matter.
  3. The changes matter undergoes
  4. The energy associated with the change
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2
Q

what is matter?

A

anything that has weight and takes up space or has volume.

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3
Q

what are the different kinds of matter?

A
  • liquid
  • solid
  • gas
  • plasma
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4
Q

what are the 6 chemical reactions that changed history?

A
  • Fire - maillard reaction (sugars and aminos when reacted to high temp)
  • bronze
  • fermentation
  • saponification (soap)
  • silicon
  • the haber-bosch process (made fertilizer, food, bombs).
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5
Q

why was the the haber-bosch process so important

A

better fertilizer which increased food. Also made used to make bombs. Important discovery

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6
Q

what is the most important natural reaction?

A

photosynthesis

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7
Q

how does photosynthesis work?

A

it converts water and co2 into sugar and oxygen

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8
Q

why is photosynthesis important?

A

it takes the non-living (wtaer and co2) and converts them into the building blocks for the living (sugar and oxygen)

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9
Q

what does rationalism mean in science?

A

to think with reason and logic

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10
Q

what subject is an example of rationalism

A

math

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11
Q

what does A Priori mean in rationalism?

A

knowledge exists independently from experiences.

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12
Q

what are some characteristics of empiricism?

A

evidence is required to form ideas. knowledge is constantly changing as new ideas falsify old ones.

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13
Q

what does A posteriori mean in empiricism?

A

the knowledge that depends on empirical evidence.

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14
Q

what does empirical evidence mean?

A

the information received through experimentation.

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15
Q

newton notices an apple falls on his head. What stage in the scientific method is this?

A

observation.

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16
Q

without ___ science becomes static.

A

revision

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17
Q

what is the definition of hypothesis?

A

a tentative explanation of observation / an educated guess

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18
Q

what does tentative mean?

A

not fixed

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19
Q

what is a theory?

A

a set of tested (need to do experiments) hypothesis that provide an explanation of an observed behaviour

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20
Q

what does a law mean?

A

a summary of observed behaviour

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21
Q

what is the constraints of a law

A

it does not tell you why something happens

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22
Q

what can a theory do that a law cannot

A

a theory explains why something happens. Ie: Law of gravity vs theory of relativity.

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23
Q

what are the two types of observations in science?

A

qualitative and quantitative

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24
Q

explain the differences between quantitative and qualitative observations.

A

Quantitative means observations that do not include numbers.

while quantitative means observations that include numerical measurement.

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25
Q

using a frog as an example, use quantitative and qualitative observation.

A

former - frog is green and is noisy.

latter - frog weighs x pounds and is x long in cm.

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26
Q

which two observations is mainly used in science?

A

quantitative

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27
Q

what is the definition of plasma?

A

a gas of ions (electrically charged atoms)

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28
Q

definition of solid

A

something w a fixed shape and volume

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29
Q

definition of liquid

A

A liquid conforms to the shape of its container but retains a constant volume

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30
Q

definition of gas

A

has no fixed shape, fills the volume of its container, is highly compressible.

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31
Q

explain a solid on a molecular level

A

the molecules in a solid do not move but they vibrate

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32
Q

explain a liquid on a molecular level

A

the molecules in a liquid can move around but must maintain the shape of their container.

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33
Q

explain a gas on a molecular level.

A

the molecules in a gas can travel freely.

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34
Q

do molecules in gas travel fast or slow?

A

fast

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35
Q

explain plasma on a molecular level

A

like gas but with charged ions.

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36
Q

where does plasma take place and what happens?

A

at very high temperatures in stars, atoms lose their electrons.

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37
Q

what are the phase changes starting from solid and going linearly to the right?

A

solid – MELTING — liquid — VAPORIZATION — gas — ONIZATION — plasma

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38
Q

starting from plasma, state the phase changes going to the left.

A

plasma – DEIONIZATION – gas — CONDENSATION – liquid — FREEZING — solid

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39
Q

what is the terminology for a solid converting to a gas, and what is an example of that?

A

sublimation, Ie: dry ice.

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40
Q

what is the terminology for what a gas converts to a solid

A

deposition

41
Q

convert a solid into a liquid and vise versa.

A

Melting –>

42
Q

convert a liquid into gas, and vise versa.

A

vaporization –>

43
Q

convert gas into plasma and vise versa

A

ionization —>

44
Q

what is the terminology used to describe the behaviour of particles

A

kinetic molecular theory

45
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy of motion

46
Q

explain the kinetic molecular theory.

A
  1. all matter is made up of tiny particles (molecules/atoms)
  2. particles are constantly moving
  3. there’s empty space between particles
  4. particles move because of energy
47
Q

T/F - particles will move at anything above absolute zero

A

true

48
Q

what influences kinetic energy?

A

temperature - higher temperatures, higher kinetic energy. vise versa

49
Q

what is the relation between kinetic energy and the three main states of matter?

A

the higher the kinetic energy, the more likely it will turn to a liquid or gas.

50
Q

everything that is not matter is __

A

energy

51
Q

anything that is mass is ___

A

matter (anything that can you can weigh)

52
Q

The classification of matter seeks to find out what mainly?

A

does it have a constant composition

53
Q

explain the process of classification of matter! (make a diagram to make it simple (this is the yes/no question)

A
  1. does the matter have a constant composition.
    - no, then it is a mixture. Next, is it uniform throughout? if yes - then homogenous, if no then heterogeneous
    - yes, then it is a pure substance. Next question - can it be simplified chemically? If yes, then it is a compound; if no, then it is an element.
54
Q

what does uniform mean

A

having the same form

55
Q

how should a homogenous thing look like?

A

should have an even consistency

56
Q

how should a heterogenous thing look like?

A

should not have uniform or consistency

57
Q

what is the main difference of the bonds between a mixture and a compound?

A

in a mixture, there are no bonds between the elements, whereas a compound has bonds between the elements.

58
Q

give examples of an element and a compound

A

hydrogen in the former, and h20 in the latter

59
Q

explain a pure substance vs a mixture

A

pure substance is a type of matter that has the same properties and composition throughout the sample.

mixture - a group of two or more substances, and the components are not chemically bonded together.

60
Q

what is an element?

A

is the simplest substance and is comprised of only one type of atom.

61
Q

which metals conduct electricity well and which do not?

A

metals

metalloids do not

62
Q

what are the three types of elements?

A

metals, metalliods, non-metals

63
Q

are most metals solid?

A

yes except murcery

64
Q

which element group does shiny items belong to

A

metals

65
Q

on the periodic table, what # do the elements occur that are not natural?

A

93 onward are synthetic

66
Q

what element makes up majority of the universe?

A

hydrogen

67
Q

what are the two main elements of the earth’s crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

68
Q

why does rusting occurs

A

when oxygen combines with a metal

69
Q

where does silicon exist in the 3 main elements

A

metalliod

70
Q

what is a real life example of silicon

A

sand

71
Q

which element dominates the whole earth and where does it reside

A

iron in the earths core

72
Q

what do the magnetic fields do?

A

protect s from cosmic radiation

73
Q

what element is the human body mainly comprised of, followed by what, then followed by what?

A

oxygen then carbon, then nitrogen

74
Q

which elements are noble gases?

A

helium, argon, neon, crypton, xenon, and radon

75
Q

how many valence electrons do helium have?

A

2

76
Q

How many valence electrons do argon, neon, crypton, xenon, and radon have?

A

8

77
Q

are noble gases stable or unstable?

A

stable

78
Q

where are noble gases located on the periodic table?

A

refer to the image (its to the far right)

79
Q

where are metals located on the periodic table? and which element is the exception?

A

located to the left of the staircase &

Helium

80
Q

locate the alkali metals

A

all the elements below helium

81
Q

Alkali metals are not reactive T/F

A

F

82
Q

Name the three characteristics of matter of solids

A
  • fixed shape
  • fixed volume
  • molecules vibrate
83
Q

what is the definition of an element and where would you find the elements?

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler. They are located on the periodic table of elements

84
Q

all matter can be broken into what two things?

A

pure substance and mixture

85
Q

what can pure substances be broken down into?

A

elements and compounds

86
Q

ignore

A

ignore

87
Q

what can mixtures be broken down into?

A

homogenous and hetrogenous mixtures

88
Q

what are the two main characteristics of a mixture?

A

a random blend of two or more substances.

can be separated.

89
Q

what does a compound mean?

A

a compound is a pure substance of two or more substances chemically combined

90
Q

how many atoms are in an element?

A

only type of atom

91
Q

what do the numbers above the elements represent on the periodic table?

A

the number of protons

92
Q

what is a particle of a compound

A

a molecule

93
Q

what is an example of a compound?

A

h2o

94
Q

what happens when you mix elements together?

A

no new bonds are being formed

95
Q

What is the fundamental difference between a mixture of elements and a compound?

A

a mixture of elements: no new bonds.

compounds: has bonds

96
Q

What determines the melting and boiling points of substances?

A

melting point: the temperature at which molecules in a solid can move past each other and form a liquid.
Boiling point:

97
Q

temperature is the ___

A

kinetic energy of the molecules

98
Q

what does it mean when the molecules vibrate more and more?

A

the temperature is increasing

99
Q

what determines the bioling point

A

when the kinetic energy of liquids increases, the molecules move faster and faster

intro to Chem (11 decks)

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