Chapter 3 Flashcards
Hydrostatic Pressure
The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid
Active Transport
Consumes ATP and uses a carrier
Down a Gradient
From a region of high to low concentration
Up a Gradient
From a region of low to high concentration
Osmosis
The diffusion of water down its contraction gradient through a selectively permeable membrane
Simple Diffusion
The net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure of a cell
Hypotonic
A lower concentration of non-permeating solutes than the intracellular fluid (ICF), cell may burst (lyse)
Hypertonic
A higher concentration of non-permeating solutes than the intracellular fluid (ICF), cell may shrivel (crenate)
Isotonic
The total concentration of the non-permeating solutes is the same as in the intracellular fluid (ICF), no change in cell
Carrier-mediated Transport
When a solute binds to a carrier in the plasma membrane, which then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side
Three Mechanisms of Carrier-mediated Transport
Facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport
Endocytosis
Vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell
Exocytosis
Vesicular processes that bring matter outside a cell
Nucleus
The largest organelle with a double unit membrane and usually the only one clearly visible with a light microscope
Nuclear Envelope
The cell structure that is perforated with pores to allow material to move in and out of the nucleus
Chromatin
The fine threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein found inside the nucleus
Nucleolus
The one or more dark-staining masses in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
An organelle with an extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
ER is comprised of parallel cisternae that is covered with ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
ER is comprised of tubular cisternae that is not covered with ribosomes, functions to synthesize lipids
Ribosomes
An organelle that is a small granule of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis
Golgi Complex
The pancake-like organelle which are a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis, “the postal service”
Secretory Vesicles
The structures in which the Golgi complex packages cellular products that will be exported from the cell
Lysosome
An organelle that contains a mixture of enzymes that function in disgusting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles, “the garbage men”
Peroxisome
An organelle that contains enzymes needed to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood-borne toxins
Proteasomes
An organelle that is used for the disposal of nonfunctional proteins
Mitochondrion
A two cellular organelle with a double unit membrane, “the power house”
Centriole
A short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three
