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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells

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2
Q

Neutron

A

An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of the atom

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3
Q

Proton

A

An positively charged particle found in the nucleus of the atom

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4
Q

Electron

A

An negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus of the atom

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5
Q

Iso

A

Same

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6
Q

Isotope

A

Two or more of the same elements having equal amount of protons but different amount of neutrons in their nucleus

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7
Q

Ion

A

Any atom or molecule with a charge, due to the loss or gain of electron

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8
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion because it has lost an electron

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9
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion because it has gained an electron

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10
Q

Molecule

A

Composed of one or more than one element

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11
Q

Compound

A

A molecule composed of two or more different elements

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12
Q

Isomer

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula as another molecule, but with a different chemical structure

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13
Q

Molecular Weight

A

Equal to the sum of the atomic weights, measured in atomic mass units (AMU), and is useful for calculating concentrations

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14
Q

Element

A

The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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15
Q

Mineral

A

inorganic element extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms

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16
Q

Biological Half-life

A

The time required for half of it to disappear from the body

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17
Q

Electrolyte

A

Substances that ionize in water (acids, bases, or salts) and form solutions capable of conducting electricity

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18
Q

Free Radical

A

Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

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19
Q

Antioxidant

A

A chemical that neutralizes free radicals

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20
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Forces by which a molecule is held together, and molecules are attracted to one another

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21
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A strong attraction between a cation and an anion

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22
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms

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23
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak attraction between a slightly positive region in one molecule and a slightly negative region in a different molecule

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24
Q

Basic Structure of an Amino Acid

A

A central carbon atom (Radical) with an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group

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25
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

A process that involves the formation or breakdown of molecules

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26
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

A larger molecule is broken down into smaller parts

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27
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Two or more smaller molecules combine into a larger one

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28
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

Atoms are traded between molecules

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29
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Two or more smaller molecules combine into a larger one

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30
Q

Catabolism

A

Consists of energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions

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31
Q

Anabolism

A

Consists of energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions

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32
Q

Carbon

A

The foundation of biological molecules

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33
Q

Macromolecule

A

Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein or starch

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34
Q

Monomer

A

The identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule

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35
Q

Examples of a Carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide

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36
Q

Glucose

A

Known as blood sugar, C6H12O6

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37
Q

Glycogen

A

The polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals

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38
Q

Starch

A

The only plant polysaccharide that humans can digest

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39
Q

Glycolipid

A

A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a carbohydrate

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40
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Contain both a carboxyl group and a methyl group

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41
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol

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42
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic phosphate head

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43
Q

Amino Acid

A

The monomeric subunits that make up a protein

44
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The type of bond that holds amino acids together in a protein molecule

45
Q

Primary Structure

A

The protein’s sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

46
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding

47
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Folding and coiling due to inactions among R groups and between R groups and surrounding water

48
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other

49
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions

50
Q

Law of Mass Action

A

States that reactions proceed from the side of the reaction with the greater quantity to the side with the lesser quantity

51
Q

Oxidation-reduction Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between molecules

52
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

53
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions

54
Q

Lipid

A

Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins

55
Q

Steroid

A

The general term for a lipid molecule that consists of four interconnected carbon rings, examples are cholesterol, testosterone, or estrogen

56
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that functions as a biological catalyst, speed up reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction, are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze, show enzyme-substrate specificity

57
Q

Nucleotides

A

Composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group

58
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

An acidic polymer of nucleotides, found or produced in the nucleus, that functions in heredity and protein synthesis

59
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

The largest of polymers of nucleotides

60
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Referred as a simple sugar, or sugar monomer

61
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid containing as many hydrogen as possible and in which the carbon bonds are all single bonds

62
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

A type of connective tissue that provides energy storage, thermal insulation, and protective cushioning

63
Q

Denaturation

A

A change in three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its functional properties

64
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of an inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

65
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within its carbon chain

66
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it

67
Q

Essential Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them

68
Q

Substrate

A

The substance upon which an enzyme acts

69
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

A water molecule is removed from a molecule when it creates a covalent bond

70
Q

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)

A

A molecule that is produced from ATP and which often serves as a second messenger

71
Q

Alpha Helix

A

A secondary structure of protein that has a spiral shape

72
Q

Beta Sheet

A

A secondary structure of protein that is a ribbon-like shape

73
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein molecule bonded to a smaller carbohydrate molecule

74
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that is a precursor for all other steroids in the body

75
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction

76
Q

Factors that Affect Enzyme Conformation

A

pH and Temperature

77
Q

Kinase

A

Any enzyme that adds an inorganic phosphate (PI) group to another organic molecule

78
Q

Proteins

A

Act as receptors on cells’ surfaces, catalyze chemical reactions, make up molecules that can transport oxygen

79
Q

Active Site

A

The substrate-binding site of an enzyme

80
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

81
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state

82
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy that is doing work

83
Q

Free Energy

A

All potential energy available in a system

84
Q

Functional Group

A

Groups of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that give organic molecules a variety of unique properties

85
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A series of reactions, where each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

86
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A complex carbohydrate as it is a polymer of simple sugars, examples are glycogen, starch, and cellulose

87
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that lowers the activation energy of the reaction and speed up the rate of reaction, may bind to reactants and bring them into proximity, may position reactants in such as a way as to favor their reaction, they are not consumed by the reaction

88
Q

Enzyme-substrate Complex

A

The structure formed by the combining of the enzyme and its specific substrate

89
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a. molecule by adding an OH group to one side of the bond and H to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule

90
Q

Ligand

A

A chemical that binds reversibly to a receptor site on a protein, such as a neurotransmitter that binds a membrane receptor, or a substrate that binds to an enzyme

91
Q

Radioactivity

A

When an unstable atomic nuclei breaks down, releasing particles and energy

92
Q

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

A

A nucleotide involved in energy transfers, which may donate a phosphate to help regenerate ATP

93
Q

Prostaglandin

A

An eicosanoid that is a modified fatty acid with a single five-carbon ring

94
Q

Trace Element

A

An element that plays a physiological role in the body, but which accounts for less than 0.02% of the body weight

95
Q

Valence Electron

A

Determine the reactive properties of an atom

96
Q

Substrate

A

An organic cofactor that is required for an enzyme to function

97
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

A general term for radiation capable of converting atoms to ions or free radicals

98
Q

Radioactivity

A

The process of energy being released from the decay of unstable radioisotopes

99
Q

Cellulose

A

The structural polysaccharide found in plant cells

100
Q

Physical Half-life

A

The time required for one-half of a quantity of a radioactive element to decay to a stable isotope

101
Q

Amphipathic

A

Contains a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic region

102
Q

Reducing Agent

A

A molecule that is oxidized in an oxidation-reduction reaction

103
Q

Proteoglycan

A

A molecule composed predominantly of a carbohydrate covalently bonded to a smaller protein component

104
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

A molecule that is reduced in an oxidation-reduction reaction

105
Q

Conformation

A

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein

Anatomy and Physiology I (3 decks)

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