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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of body structures

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of body functions

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3
Q

Inspection

A

Simply looking at the body’s appearance

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4
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling a structure with the hands

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5
Q

Palp

A

Touch, feel

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6
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body

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7
Q

Auscult

A

Listen

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8
Q

Percussion

A

Tapping on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listening to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities

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9
Q

Dissection

A

Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships

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10
Q

Cadaver

A

A dead human body, commonly used in dissection for the purpose of training students in anatomy

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11
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analysis evolutionary trends

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12
Q

Exploratory Surgery

A

Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what can be done about it

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13
Q

Medical Imaging

A

Methods of viewing inside of the body without surgery

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14
Q

Radiology

A

The branch of medicine concerned with imaging, such as with X-rays

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15
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Structure that can be seen with the naked eye - whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection

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16
Q

Histology (Microscopic Anatomy)

A

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials under a microscope

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17
Q

Histo

A

Tissue

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18
Q

Histopathology

A

The microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

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19
Q

Cytology

A

The study of the structure and function individual cells

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20
Q

Cyto

A

Cell

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21
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Focuses on the study of structures within cells

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22
Q

Comparative Physiology

A

The study of how biological processes vary in different animal species

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23
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Developed and improved compound microscope, described plant cell walls

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24
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

Invented a simple microscope (200x) to look at fabrics

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25
Q

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

A

Concluded that all organisms were composed of cells, which later became the first tenet of cell theory

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26
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated speculation or possible answer to the question, must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence

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27
Q

Placebo

A

A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body

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28
Q

Theory

A

An explanatory statement of set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis

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29
Q

Evolution

A

A change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time

30
Q

Natural Selection

A

Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors

31
Q

Selection Pressures

A

Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others, include things like climate, predators, disease, competition, and the availability of food

32
Q

Adaptations

A

Features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment

33
Q

Opposable

A

Thumbs can cross the palm to touch the fingertips

34
Q

Bipedalism

A

Standing and walking on two legs

35
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Modern human species

36
Q

Organism

A

A single, complete individual

37
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs with a unique collective function

38
Q

Organ

A

A structure composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it

39
Q

Tissue

A

A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

40
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the basic functions of life

41
Q

Organelle

A

A microscopic structure in a cell that carry out its individual functions

42
Q

Molecule

A

A particle composed of at least two atoms

43
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particles with unique chemical identities

44
Q

Reductionism

A

The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components

45
Q

Metabolism

A

Internal chemical reactions in a living organism

46
Q

Excretion

A

The separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body

47
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond

48
Q

Differentiation

A

The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

49
Q

Growth

A

An increase in size

50
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

51
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Balanced change

52
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it

53
Q

Receptor

A

A cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus

54
Q

Integrating (Control) Center

A

A mechanism that processes change in the body

55
Q

Effector

A

A molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus

56
Q

Positive Feedback

A

A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, for example, contractions during childbirth and formation of a blood clot

57
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Best known for his theory of natural selection

58
Q

Hypo

A

Below

59
Q

Epi

A

Above

60
Q

Endo

A

Within, inside

61
Q

Di

A

Two

62
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The structure that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell

63
Q

Cell Theory

A

States that all organisms are composed of cells

64
Q

Inductive Method

A

The process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation

65
Q

Law of Nature

A

A verbal or mathematical description of a predicable natural phenomenon

66
Q

Peer Review

A

The method of evaluating results by the other experts in that field

67
Q

Fact

A

Information that can independently verified by any trained person

68
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experiment may have on the interpretation of their data

69
Q

Gradient

A

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another

70
Q

Statistical Test

A

Provides a statement of probability that the experimental outcome was due to random variation

Anatomy and Physiology I (3 decks)

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