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Earth Science Unit 3 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

external processes

A

weathering, mass wasting, and erosion that occur at the Earth’s surface and powered by energy from the Sun

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2
Q

weathering

A

physical/chemical breakdown of a rock

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3
Q

mass wasting

A

movement of rock, soil, or weathered material

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4
Q

erosion

A

physical removal of material by wind, water, ice

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5
Q

mass wasting does not require a

A

transporting medium

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6
Q

what produces stream valleys?

A

combination of mass wasting and running water

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7
Q

types of mass wasting

A

slump, rockslides, debris flow, and earth flow (aka soil creep)

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8
Q

slump and rockslides

A

move along surfaces of weaknesses (water seeps in)

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9
Q

debris flow and earth flow

A

act like waters (water overwhelms drain basin)

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10
Q

most rapid mass-wasting events occur in areas of:

A

rugged, geologically young mountains

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11
Q

As a landscape ages, massive and rapid mass-wasting processed give way to

A

smaller, less dramatic downslope movements

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12
Q

Controlling force of mass wasting

A

gravity

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13
Q

trigger

A

event that initiates mass-wasting

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14
Q

factors affecting mass wasting

A

water, vegetation, angle of repose, earthquakes, oversteepened slopes

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15
Q

angle of repose

A

steepest angle of dry sediment before it slides

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16
Q

Water is transported from one reservoir to another via the

A

hydrologic cycle

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16
Q

biggest reservoir

A

ocean-97.2%
glaciers-2.15%
groundwater-groundwater .62%
all else-0.03%

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17
Q

infiltration

A

water soaks into the ground

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18
Q

runoff

A

surplus water flows over the surface into lakes and streams

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19
Q

transpiration

A

water that soaks into ground is absorbed and released by plants into atmosphere

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20
Q

water balance

A

volume that passes through each part of the cycle annually

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21
Q

single most important agent sculpturing Earth’s land surface

A

immense volume of moving water

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22
Q

amount of runoff depends on

A

intensity and duration of rainfall, amount of water in soil, nature of the surface material, slope of the land, extent and type of vegetation

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22
Q

tiny channels

A

rills

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23
Q

rills meet and form

A

gullies

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23
Q

gullies meet and form

A

streams

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24
Q

streams meet and form

A

rivers

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25
Q

drainage basin

A

area of land that contributes water to a river

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26
Q

drainage divide

A

area of high elevation that separates basins

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27
Q

Mississippi River

A

largest drainage basin in North America

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28
Q

sediment production is located

A

in the headwater region of the river system

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29
Q

Stream flow is characterized as

A

laminar and turbulent

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30
Q

laminar

A

water flowing in smooth, straight-lined paths

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31
Q

turbulent

A

flow characterized by swirls and eddies

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32
Q

highest velocities in straight stretches

A

near center just below the surface

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32
Q

highest velocities in curved stream

A

shifts

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33
Q

The ability of a stream to erode and transport material depends on its

A

velocity

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34
Q

Factors that influence velocity in a stream

A

1-gradient
2-shape, size, roughness
3-volume of water flowing in channel

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35
Q

Where is the velocity of a river measured?

A

gauging station

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36
Q

Gauging station helps

A

calculate the river’s discharge

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37
Q

discharge

A

volume of water per unit time

m^3/s

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38
Q

gradient

A

the slope of a stream

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39
Q

the steeper the gradient,

A

the more energy available for streamflow

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40
Q

Smooth channel produces a more _____ flow, irregular channel produces _____

A

uniform, turbulence

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41
Q

intermittent streams

A

streams that exhibit flow only during wet periods

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42
Q

ephemeral streams

A

carry water only occasionally after a heavy rainstorm

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43
Q

A stream will flow from its

A

head/headwaters to its mouth

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44
Q

3 works of flowing water

A

1-erosion
2-transportation
3-deposition

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45
Q

erosion

A

wind, ice, and rain will dislodge soil and rock. rivers themselves can also erode floodplain/channel materials

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46
Q

load

A

material moved by the river

47
Q

3 types of transportation

A

1-dissolved load
2-suspended load
3-bed load

48
Q

dissolved load

A

ions in solution
smallest loaddO
Na, K, CO2

49
Q

Does velocity have an effect on the streams ability to carry a dissolved load?

A

no

50
Q

suspended load

A

particles actively carried by water’s flow
varies with velocity
LARGEST LOAD
usually silt and clay

51
Q

bed load

A

coarse material at the bed of the river
gravel, stones, etc.
may move by saltation (jump, roll, etc)

52
Q

What determine’s a stream’s competence?

A

its velocity

53
Q

Competence

A

maximum particle size a river can transport

54
Q

capacity

A

maximum load of a stream

55
Q

The greater the discharge, the greater the

A

stream’s capacity

56
Q

deposition

A

ultimately, stream loads are deposited when velocity decreases

57
Q

alluvium

A

the material deposited by a stream bedrock channels

58
Q

bedrock channels

A

which streams are actively cutting into solid rock

59
Q

alluvial channels

A

bed and banks are primarily composed of unconsolidated sediment

64
Q

braided channels

A

form where a large proportion of the stream’s load consists of coarse material and the stream has a highly variable charge; wide and shallow

65
Q

what type of loads are transported in meandering channels?

A

suspended loads

66
Q

what type of loads are transported in braided channels?

A

bedloads

67
Q

base level

A

limit to how deep a stream can erode

68
Q

2 types of base level

A

ultimate base level and temporary base level

69
Q

ultimate base level

A

sea level

70
Q

temporary base level

A

lakes, resistant layers of rock, and main streams that act as base level for their tributaries

71
Q

stream valley

A

consists of the channel AND terrain that directly contributes water to the stream

72
Q

Sides of most valleys are shaped by a combination of

A

weathering, overland flow, mass wasting

73
Q

2 types of stream valleys

A

narrow V shaped valleys and wide valleys with flat floors

74
Q

most prominent features of V shaped valley

A

rapids and waterfalls

75
Q

floodplain

A

increasingly broader, flat valley floor covered with alluvium

76
Q

incised meanders

A

meanders that flow in steep, narrow valleys

77
Q

How do incised meanders form?

A

Either base level dropped or land was uplifted.

78
Q

delta

A

result of a stream entering a still body of water and its velocity drops abruptly

79
Q

distributaries

A

formed by main channel dividing into several smaller ones

80
Q

Distributaries carry water ____ from the main channel

A

away

81
Q

natural levees

A

parallel channels on both banks

82
Q

backswamps

A

marshes formed when water can’t flow over the levee into the river

83
Q

yazoo tributaries

A

stream that can’t enter river because levees block the way

84
Q

types of drainage patterns

A

dendritic, radial, rectangular, trellis

85
Q

dendritic drainage patterns

A

forms where material is uniform, patterned determined by slope of the land

86
Q

radial drainage patterns

A

streams diverge from central ares, develops on cone shaped land

87
Q

rectangular drainage patterns

A

bedrock is criss-crossed in right angles

88
Q

trellis drainage patterns

A

tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another

89
Q

floods

A

most common and destructive natural hazards

90
Q

when do floods occur?

A

when amount of precipitation exceed drainage capacity of the river

91
Q

Flood control approaches

A

artificial levee, flood-control dams, channelization

92
Q

artificial levees

A

earthen mounds built on banks of river to increase volume the channel can hold

93
Q

flood-control dams

A

built to store floodwater and then let it out slowly

94
Q

channelization

A

altering a stream to speed flow of water (building canals)

95
Q

nonstructural approaches

A

zoning and relocation

96
Q

zoning

A

move homes away from floodplain

97
Q

relocation

A

force people to move

98
Q

groundwater

A

precipitated water seeps through soil and rock to accumulate in the subsurface

99
Q

groundwater’s geologic roles

A

erosional agent, equalizer of stream flow

100
Q

factors affecting groundwater volume and flow

A

porosity and permeability

101
Q

porosity

A

volume of pores in a rock

102
Q

permeability

A

interconnectedness of the pores

103
Q

The deeper you go into the zone of saturation,

A

the greater the water pressure

104
Q

springs

A

occur whenever the water table intersects Earth’s surface and a natural outflow of groundwater results

105
Q

aquifer

A

a geologic unit w/ high porosity and permeability; transfers and stores groundwater
(sands, gravels, sandstones, some limestone)

106
Q

aquitard

A

impermeable layer that hinder ground-water flow (shales, clays, and crystalline rocks)

107
Q

hot springs

A

6 to 9 degrees celcius warmer than annual air temperature

108
Q

geysers

A

intermittent hot springs or fountains in which columns of water are ejected with great force at various intervals

109
Q

where do geysers occur?

A

where extensive underground chambers exist within hot igneous rocks

110
Q

well

A

a hole bored into the ground to reach the saturated zone

111
Q

significant pumping of groundwater causes

A

drawdown and cone of depression

112
Q

drawdown

A

lowering the local water table

113
Q

artesian well

A

groundwater rises in a well above the level where it was initially encountered

114
Q

Conditions that must exist for an artesian well

A

water must be confined to an inclined aquifer AND aquitards must be present to prevent the water from escaping

115
Q

most caverns are created

A

at or just below water table in zone of saturation

116
Q

dripstone

A

cave deposits

117
Q

the deposition of dripstone is not possible unless

A

the caverns are above the water table

118
Q

stalactites

A

hang from ceiling of the cavern

119
Q

stalagmites

A

formations that develop on floor of cavern

120
Q

column

A

forms when stalactites and stalagmites join

121
Q

karst topography

A

landscapes that have been shaped by the dissolving power of groundwater

122
Q

where do karst landscapes occur?

A

areas underlain by limestone

123
Q

ways sinkholes for my

A

gradually over many years or suddenly when roof of a cavern collapses under its own weight

124
Q

tower karst

A

landscape consists of steep-sided hills that rise abruptly from the ground, in tropical areas

Earth Science Unit 3 (3 decks)

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