Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Affixes
A
- add meaning of the root or change it
- less “weighty” than the root in terms of meaning
- don’t belong in a lexical category, but can CHANGE a word’s lexical category
- can’t exist on it’s own (bound morpheme)
- classified depending on position in a word
2
Q
Types of Affixes
A
- Prefix
- Suffix
- Class 1 Affixes
- Class 2 Affixes
- Infix
- Transfix
- Circumfix
3
Q
Prefix
A
added BEFORE the root (left)
- ex) UNtie, DEconstruct, IMpropable
4
Q
Suffix
A
added AFTER the root (right)
- ex) exampleS, improveMENT, attachED
5
Q
Class 1 Affix
A
- suffixes triggering phonological changes in the stem
- ex) “-ity” changes last consonant and pulls stress closer to itself (electric vs. electricity
6
Q
Class 2 Affix
A
- “phonological neutral” suffixes
- don’t trigger changes in the stem
- ex) “-ness”, “-less”
7
Q
Infix
A
- inserted in the middle of a root
- ex) Tagalog and Bontoc
8
Q
Transfix
A
- inserted into a root
- a root exists as a consonantal template
- a particular lexical meaning is associated with a few consonants and adding particular vowel patterns through consonantal templates yield different grammatical yield
- Hebrew, Arabic, Afro-Asiatic
9
Q
Circumfix
A
- placed simultaneously on both sides of a root (before and after)
- ex) German
- halten, hielt, geholten (to stop, stopped, has stopped)
10
Q
Properties of Affixes
A
- structurally and semantically subordinate parts of a word
- not necessarily present in a word
- multiple affixes can occur in a word
- dependent (bound) elements
- has nonspecific content, often grammar-like in function
- can either precede or follow a root, or be inserted into the root, or embrace the root on both sides
- position of given affix with respect to root is fixed
11
Q
Derivation
A
- most common way of forming words
- process of producing new words from already existing words with the help of adding a new affix
12
Q
Derivational Affixes
A
- affixes used to produce new words
- ex) govern + ment = government
- roughly 200 derivational affixes
13
Q
Base
A
- part of the word that an affix is added to
- synonymous with root in English
- could contain a prefix or suffix
14
Q
Complex Derivation
A
- derivation can apply to a word more than once
15
Q
-able
A
V to A
- understandable
16
Q
-ant
A
V to N
- discussant
17
Q
-ful
A
N to A
- hopeful
18
Q
-ish
A
A to A
- greenish
19
Q
-ness
A
A to N
- carelessness
20
Q
-en
A
A to V
- blacken
21
Q
-ing
A
V to N
- dancing
22
Q
-ive
A
V to A
- creative
23
Q
-ate
A
A to V
- activate
24
Q
-ion
A
A to V
- activation
25
-less
N to A
| - brainless
26
dis-
V to V
| - discontinue
27
in-
A to A
| - incompetent
28
ex-
N to N
| - ex-wife
29
un-
A to A
| - unhappy/unfair
30
de-
V to V
| - deactivate
31
Head
- the part of the compound (morpheme) which determines the category of the whole word
- ex) blueBIRD (noun)
32
Compounding
- combining two or more words in a word
- resulting compound will have at least two roots
- ex) break + fast
33
Endocentric
- clearly identifiable semantic head
- the head is typically on the far right side and the preceding component semantically specifies something about the type of meaning
34
Exocentric
- the semantic head is outside the compound
| - ex) redneck, Maple Leafs
35
Copulative
- both parts of the compound are heads and denote two different characteristics of something
- ex) bittersweet
36
Appositional Compounds
A=B
- A has the same referent as B
- ex) composer-directer; apple-pear
37
Coordinative
= B+A
- meaning of the resulting compound is the sum of A and B
- ex) bitter-sweet
38
Incorporation
- a special type of compounding when a verb (head) routinely combines with object(s) to form a compound verb form
- ex) breast-feed, spoon-feed, brainwash
39
Other ways of Forming New Words
1. Reduplication
2. Conversion
3. Clipping (Truncation)
4. Blends
5. Backformations
6. Acronyms and Alphabetisms
7. Onomatopoeia
8. Borrowing
9. Calques
10. Eponyms
11. Word Coinage/Manufacture
40
Reduplication
- the repetition of the stem (full or partial) to make new words
- ex) bye-bye, boo-boo
41
Conversion
- reassigning a word to different lexical category without adding derivational suffixes (zero derivation)
- ex) to break (V) -> a break (N)
42
Clipping (Turncation)
- process of creating a new word by clipping off a part of an old word (one or more syllables)
- ex) veggies
43
Blends
- taking a few sounds from two or more existing words and sticking them together
- ex) oxbridge = Oxford + Cambridge
44
Backformations
- taking out an "affix" from the original word
- produced by analogy with something
- ex) editor = edit; babysitter = babysit
45
Acronyms
- formed by taking the 1st letters in a phrase and sticking them together
- read like ordinary words
- ex) FIFA = federation international de football association
46
Alphabetisms
- read like letters of alphabet
| - MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
47
Onomatopoeia
- imitating sounds from nature with help of human sounds
| - ex) cat = meow
48
Borrowing
- words can be borrowed from other languages
| - ex) pizza (Italian); Bistro (Russian)
49
Calques
- also borrowed words
- word-for-word translations from other languages
- ex) "Flea Market" = French (marche aux puces)
50
Eponyms
- a proper noun that becomes a common noun
- ex) units of measurement in physics named after scientists (Hertz, watt, ampere)
- ex) denim < serge de names (fabric made in Nimes, France)
51
Word Coinage/Manufacture
- invention of new words from nothing
- either deliberately or accidentally
- ex) frisbee, kleenex, xerox, yahoo, google
52
Inflection
- produces different forms of the same word (word-forms) depending on syntactical functioning of word in sentence
- most commonly produced by affixiation
- inflectional affixes attaches themselves to the base
53
Inflectional Affixes: Nouns
- numbers
- cases (possessive, accusative, dative, genative, nominative)
- gender
54
Possessive Case
mother's, friend's, car's
55
Accusative Case
marks the object of the verb
| - ex) draw A PICTURE, cook DINNER
56
Dative Case
"I gave a book to MY MOTHER"
57
Genative Case
may denote possession
| - "a book of my mother"
58
Nominative
used for the subject of the verb; denotes who/what the verb says
- ex) HE offered me
- he = nominative
- me = accusative
59
Inflectional Affixes: Verbs
"-s", "-ing", "-d"
- relate to categories of verbs such as tense (past/present)
- aspect of English tenses
- person and number
- adjectives
- agreement
60
English Tenses
- simple aspects (indefinite aspect)
- the perfect aspect (completed aspect)
- the progressive aspect (continuing aspect)
- the perfect progressive aspect
61
Person and Number
- relate to personal pronouns and verbs
- in English verbs, only the 3rd person singular in simple present tense has an inflectional
- "I walk, you walk, he/she/it walks"
- "we walk, you walk, they walk"
62
Adjectives
English adjectives have 2 inflectional suffixes
| - "-er", "-est"
63
Agreement
- when words are combined in a sentence, grammatical categories of some parts of a sentence should match
- subject needs to agree with the predicate in person and number "she walks"
64
Non-Morphological Ways of Marking Grammatical Categories
- vowels alterations in verbal stems
- German Ablaut
- Umlaut
65
Word
- primary unit of linguistic structure
- smallest free form
- can appear in isolation
66
Morpheme
- a sign
- the "smallest" unit of language that has form and meaning
- form elements of word structure and new words can be constructed from morphemes in the "language assembly line"
67
Allomorphs
- minor variations of sound form
- variants of the sound shape of the same morpheme
- ex) "boxes, bugs, bits" --> -es/-s; /IZ,z,s/
- -> different sounds for "s"
68
Clitics
- a form that is "halfway" between being an individual word and a morpheme
- have independent word referent, but attach themselves to other words (hosts)
69
Proclitics
- attach themselves before another word
| - ex) tu T'appelles
70
Enclitics
- attach themselves after the host word
| - ex) you'RE
71
Morphophonemics
- sound changes, assimilation, allophone, connected with morphemes, morpheme boundaries
- ex) electric - electricity; sane - insanity
