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Linguistics 111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Affixes

A
  • add meaning of the root or change it
  • less “weighty” than the root in terms of meaning
  • don’t belong in a lexical category, but can CHANGE a word’s lexical category
  • can’t exist on it’s own (bound morpheme)
  • classified depending on position in a word
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2
Q

Types of Affixes

A
  1. Prefix
  2. Suffix
  3. Class 1 Affixes
  4. Class 2 Affixes
  5. Infix
  6. Transfix
  7. Circumfix
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3
Q

Prefix

A

added BEFORE the root (left)

- ex) UNtie, DEconstruct, IMpropable

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4
Q

Suffix

A

added AFTER the root (right)

- ex) exampleS, improveMENT, attachED

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5
Q

Class 1 Affix

A
  • suffixes triggering phonological changes in the stem

- ex) “-ity” changes last consonant and pulls stress closer to itself (electric vs. electricity

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6
Q

Class 2 Affix

A
  • “phonological neutral” suffixes
  • don’t trigger changes in the stem
  • ex) “-ness”, “-less”
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7
Q

Infix

A
  • inserted in the middle of a root

- ex) Tagalog and Bontoc

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8
Q

Transfix

A
  • inserted into a root
  • a root exists as a consonantal template
  • a particular lexical meaning is associated with a few consonants and adding particular vowel patterns through consonantal templates yield different grammatical yield
  • Hebrew, Arabic, Afro-Asiatic
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9
Q

Circumfix

A
  • placed simultaneously on both sides of a root (before and after)
  • ex) German
  • halten, hielt, geholten (to stop, stopped, has stopped)
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10
Q

Properties of Affixes

A
  1. structurally and semantically subordinate parts of a word
  2. not necessarily present in a word
  3. multiple affixes can occur in a word
  4. dependent (bound) elements
  5. has nonspecific content, often grammar-like in function
  6. can either precede or follow a root, or be inserted into the root, or embrace the root on both sides
  7. position of given affix with respect to root is fixed
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11
Q

Derivation

A
  • most common way of forming words

- process of producing new words from already existing words with the help of adding a new affix

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12
Q

Derivational Affixes

A
  • affixes used to produce new words
  • ex) govern + ment = government
  • roughly 200 derivational affixes
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13
Q

Base

A
  • part of the word that an affix is added to
  • synonymous with root in English
  • could contain a prefix or suffix
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14
Q

Complex Derivation

A
  • derivation can apply to a word more than once
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15
Q

-able

A

V to A

- understandable

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16
Q

-ant

A

V to N

- discussant

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17
Q

-ful

A

N to A

- hopeful

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18
Q

-ish

A

A to A

- greenish

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19
Q

-ness

A

A to N

- carelessness

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20
Q

-en

A

A to V

- blacken

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21
Q

-ing

A

V to N

- dancing

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22
Q

-ive

A

V to A

- creative

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23
Q

-ate

A

A to V

- activate

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24
Q

-ion

A

A to V

- activation

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25
Q

-less

A

N to A

- brainless

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26
Q

dis-

A

V to V

- discontinue

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27
Q

in-

A

A to A

- incompetent

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28
Q

ex-

A

N to N

- ex-wife

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29
Q

un-

A

A to A

- unhappy/unfair

30
Q

de-

A

V to V

- deactivate

31
Q

Head

A
  • the part of the compound (morpheme) which determines the category of the whole word
  • ex) blueBIRD (noun)
32
Q

Compounding

A
  • combining two or more words in a word
  • resulting compound will have at least two roots
  • ex) break + fast
33
Q

Endocentric

A
  • clearly identifiable semantic head
  • the head is typically on the far right side and the preceding component semantically specifies something about the type of meaning
34
Q

Exocentric

A
  • the semantic head is outside the compound

- ex) redneck, Maple Leafs

35
Q

Copulative

A
  • both parts of the compound are heads and denote two different characteristics of something
  • ex) bittersweet
36
Q

Appositional Compounds

A

A=B

  • A has the same referent as B
  • ex) composer-directer; apple-pear
37
Q

Coordinative

A

= B+A

  • meaning of the resulting compound is the sum of A and B
  • ex) bitter-sweet
38
Q

Incorporation

A
  • a special type of compounding when a verb (head) routinely combines with object(s) to form a compound verb form
  • ex) breast-feed, spoon-feed, brainwash
39
Q

Other ways of Forming New Words

A
  1. Reduplication
  2. Conversion
  3. Clipping (Truncation)
  4. Blends
  5. Backformations
  6. Acronyms and Alphabetisms
  7. Onomatopoeia
  8. Borrowing
  9. Calques
  10. Eponyms
  11. Word Coinage/Manufacture
40
Q

Reduplication

A
  • the repetition of the stem (full or partial) to make new words
  • ex) bye-bye, boo-boo
41
Q

Conversion

A
  • reassigning a word to different lexical category without adding derivational suffixes (zero derivation)
  • ex) to break (V) -> a break (N)
42
Q

Clipping (Turncation)

A
  • process of creating a new word by clipping off a part of an old word (one or more syllables)
  • ex) veggies
43
Q

Blends

A
  • taking a few sounds from two or more existing words and sticking them together
  • ex) oxbridge = Oxford + Cambridge
44
Q

Backformations

A
  • taking out an “affix” from the original word
  • produced by analogy with something
  • ex) editor = edit; babysitter = babysit
45
Q

Acronyms

A
  • formed by taking the 1st letters in a phrase and sticking them together
  • read like ordinary words
  • ex) FIFA = federation international de football association
46
Q

Alphabetisms

A
  • read like letters of alphabet

- MRI = magnetic resonance imaging

47
Q

Onomatopoeia

A
  • imitating sounds from nature with help of human sounds

- ex) cat = meow

48
Q

Borrowing

A
  • words can be borrowed from other languages

- ex) pizza (Italian); Bistro (Russian)

49
Q

Calques

A
  • also borrowed words
  • word-for-word translations from other languages
  • ex) “Flea Market” = French (marche aux puces)
50
Q

Eponyms

A
  • a proper noun that becomes a common noun
  • ex) units of measurement in physics named after scientists (Hertz, watt, ampere)
  • ex) denim < serge de names (fabric made in Nimes, France)
51
Q

Word Coinage/Manufacture

A
  • invention of new words from nothing
  • either deliberately or accidentally
  • ex) frisbee, kleenex, xerox, yahoo, google
52
Q

Inflection

A
  • produces different forms of the same word (word-forms) depending on syntactical functioning of word in sentence
  • most commonly produced by affixiation
  • inflectional affixes attaches themselves to the base
53
Q

Inflectional Affixes: Nouns

A
  • numbers
  • cases (possessive, accusative, dative, genative, nominative)
  • gender
54
Q

Possessive Case

A

mother’s, friend’s, car’s

55
Q

Accusative Case

A

marks the object of the verb

- ex) draw A PICTURE, cook DINNER

56
Q

Dative Case

A

“I gave a book to MY MOTHER”

57
Q

Genative Case

A

may denote possession

- “a book of my mother”

58
Q

Nominative

A

used for the subject of the verb; denotes who/what the verb says

  • ex) HE offered me
  • he = nominative
  • me = accusative
59
Q

Inflectional Affixes: Verbs

A

“-s”, “-ing”, “-d”

  • relate to categories of verbs such as tense (past/present)
  • aspect of English tenses
  • person and number
  • adjectives
  • agreement
60
Q

English Tenses

A
  • simple aspects (indefinite aspect)
  • the perfect aspect (completed aspect)
  • the progressive aspect (continuing aspect)
  • the perfect progressive aspect
61
Q

Person and Number

A
  • relate to personal pronouns and verbs
  • in English verbs, only the 3rd person singular in simple present tense has an inflectional
  • “I walk, you walk, he/she/it walks”
  • “we walk, you walk, they walk”
62
Q

Adjectives

A

English adjectives have 2 inflectional suffixes

- “-er”, “-est”

63
Q

Agreement

A
  • when words are combined in a sentence, grammatical categories of some parts of a sentence should match
  • subject needs to agree with the predicate in person and number “she walks”
64
Q

Non-Morphological Ways of Marking Grammatical Categories

A
  • vowels alterations in verbal stems
  • German Ablaut
  • Umlaut
65
Q

Word

A
  • primary unit of linguistic structure
  • smallest free form
  • can appear in isolation
66
Q

Morpheme

A
  • a sign
  • the “smallest” unit of language that has form and meaning
  • form elements of word structure and new words can be constructed from morphemes in the “language assembly line”
67
Q

Allomorphs

A
  • minor variations of sound form
  • variants of the sound shape of the same morpheme
  • ex) “boxes, bugs, bits” –> -es/-s; /IZ,z,s/
  • -> different sounds for “s”
68
Q

Clitics

A
  • a form that is “halfway” between being an individual word and a morpheme
  • have independent word referent, but attach themselves to other words (hosts)
69
Q

Proclitics

A
  • attach themselves before another word

- ex) tu T’appelles

70
Q

Enclitics

A
  • attach themselves after the host word

- ex) you’RE

71
Q

Morphophonemics

A
  • sound changes, assimilation, allophone, connected with morphemes, morpheme boundaries
  • ex) electric - electricity; sane - insanity

Linguistics 111 (3 decks)

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