Chapter 3

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

The rule system that governs the individual and combined sounds of a language.
E.g., the sounds “p” and long “i” combine to form the word “pie”

Question 2

Morphology

Answer 2

The rule system controlling the structure of words.
E.g., the free morpheme “possible” can combine with the bound morpheme “im” to form a word but not the bound morpheme “un”

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

Various rules of grammar that relate to the endings of words and the order of words in sentences.
E.g., in the English language the sentence “The boy hit the ball” conveys meaning, but the sentence “The hit ball the boy” does not

Question 4

Semantics

Answer 4

The system within a language that governs content, intent, and meanings of spoken and written language
E.g., understanding the multiple meanings that can be conveyed by the word “bank” (financial institution, piggy bank, mound of earth by the sides of a river)

Question 5

Pragmatics

Answer 5

The relationships among language, perception, and cognition; system controlling language function
E.g., a child being able to adapt vocabulary and tone of voice when speaking with an adult vs. a peer

Question 6

Speech Disorder

Answer 6

Impairments of voice, articulation, and/or fluency.

Question 7

Language Disorder

Answer 7

Impairments of comprehension or use of language

May involve form, content, or function of language

Question 8

Articulation Disorders

Answer 8

“Occur when a person cannot correctly pronounce one or more sounds” (CASLPA, May 2004).
E.g., difficulty pronouncing the r sound at the beginning of words

Question 9

Phonological Disorders

Answer 9

“Errors of many sounds that form patterns” (CASLPA, May 2004)
E.g., omitting sounds in blends, such as “nake” for “snake,” “back” for “black”

Question 10

Motor Speech Disorders

Answer 10

“Articulation disorders caused as a result of neurological damage such as stroke or head injury” (CASLPA, May 2004)

Question 11

Causes of Problems in the Phonological System:

Answer 11

Organic (having an identifiable physical cause)
E.g., hearing loss, cleft palate, dental malformations, or tumours, brain damage and related neurological problems such as apraxia or dysarthria

Functional (having no identifiable organic cause)
E.g., related to student’s opportunities to learn appropriate and inappropriate speech patterns, absence or presence of good speech models

Question 12

Voice Disorder

Answer 12

Characterized by abnormal vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, or duration given an individual’s age and sex (ASHA, 1993).
Vocal disturbances are quite common in children.

Question 13

Causes of Voice Disorders

Answer 13

Vocal abuse and misuse
Trauma to the larynx
Congenital malformations of the larynx, nodules, or tumours

Question 14

Fluency Disorder

Answer 14

A disorder in the smoothness and rapidity in various skills, such as speech, oral language, reading, and other skills associated with thinking

Question 15

stuttering

Answer 15

a disorder of speech fluency that results in a person’s expressive language being difficult to understand due to breaks and repetitions in speech.

Question 16

Causes of Fluency Disorders

Answer 16

May include factors relating to an individual’s: 
-Language development
-Motor skills
-Personality
=Environment

Question 17

Language Disorder

Answer 17

“Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems. The disorder may involve (1) the form of language (phonology, morphology, and syntax), (2) the content of language (semantics), and/or (3) the function of language in communication (pragmatics) in any combination” (ASHA, 1993, pp. 40-41).

Question 18

Receptive Language

Answer 18

Language that is received and decoded or interpreted.

Question 19

Expressive Language

Answer 19

Language that is spoken, written, or communicated visually (e.g., sign language); language that is expressed in some way.

Question 20

Indicators of language impairment

Answer 20

Primary Grades
E.g., problems in following verbal directions, phonics problems

Intermediate Grades
E.g., word substitutions, inadequate language processing and production

Middle and High School
E.g., inability to understand abstract concepts, problems understanding multiple word meanings

Question 21

Augmentative Communication

Answer 21

Methods used to facilitate communication in individuals
E.g., using communication boards, computers, computer software or applications (apps) with the devices such as tablets and smart phones, and/or sign language to facilitate communication

Question 22

Alternative Communication

Answer 22

Any system of conveying ideas that is used in lieu of human speech.
E.g., communication board