Chapter 3

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

The study of sound system of a language, how the particular sounds contrast in each language to form an integrated system for encoding information, and how such systems differ from one language to another.

Question 2

phonetic inventories

Answer 2

The set of sounds that are produced as part of the grammar of a language.

Question 3

Phonotactic constraints

Answer 3

Restriction on possible combination of sounds, often in particular environments.

Question 4

Sound substitution

Answer 4

A process whereby sounds that already exist in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word.

Question 5

Allophones

Answer 5

One of a set of noncontrastive realizations of the same phoneme; an actual phonetic segment.

Question 6

Phonemes

Answer 6

A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound.

Question 7

Phonetic environment

Answer 7

The sounds that come before and after a particular sound in a word.

Question 8

Contrastive distribution

Answer 8

The occurrence of sounds in a language such that their use distinguishes between the meanings of the words in which they appear, indicating that those sounds are phonemes of the language in question.

Question 9

Complementary distribution

Answer 9

The occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment. Sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme.

Question 10

Overlapping distribution

Answer 10

The occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environments.

Question 11

Sibilant

Answer 11

A member of the natural class of sounds that are characterized by a high-pitched hissing quality.

Question 12

Obstruents

Answer 12

A natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off.

Question 13

Sonorants

Answer 13

Sound produced with a relatively open passage of airflow.

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

A process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some features.

Question 15

Dissimulation

Answer 15

Process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some features.

Question 16

Palatalization

Answer 16

A process wherein a sound takes on a palatal place of articulation, usually in assimiliation to high or mid front vowels like [i] or [e].

Question 17

Vowel harmony

Answer 17

Long- distance assimilation between vowels.

Question 18

Monosyllabic

Answer 18

Consisting of only one syllable.

Question 19

Flapping

Answer 19

A sound produced by bringing two articulators together very quickly

Question 20

Aspiration

Answer 20

A puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing.

Question 21

Metathesis

Answer 21

Switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other.

Question 22

Free Variation

Answer 22

Term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environment but cause no distinction int he meaning or their respective words.

Question 23

Insertion

Answer 23

Phonological process by which a segment not present in the phonemic form is added in the phonetic form.

Question 24

Underlying Forms

Answer 24

The phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied.

Question 25

Implicational law

Answer 25

Observation about language universals that takes the form of an implication.