Chapter 3

Question 1

A Fallacy

Answer 1

A defect in an argument that arises from either a mistake in reasoning or the creation of an illusion that makes a bad argument appear good.

Question 2

A formal fallacy

Answer 2

A fallacy determined by identifying and examining the form or structure of an argument

Question 3

Fallacies of relevance

Answer 3

Arguments have premises which are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.

Question 4

Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Baculum)

Answer 4

Occurs whenever an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly or explicitly that some harm will come to him or her if they do not accept the conclusion.

Question 5

Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad Misericordiam)

Answer 5

Occurs when an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by merely evoking pity from the reader or listener.

Question 6

Appeal to the People (Argumentum ad Populum)

1. Direct
2. InDirect

Answer 6

Direct -
occurs whenever an arguer, addressing a large group, excites the emotions of the crowd to win acceptance for his/her conclusion. (mob mentality)
InDirect-
the arguer aims their appeal not at the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately, focusing on some aspect of those individuals’ relationship to the crowd. (appeal to snobbery)

Question 7

Ad Hominem abusive

Answer 7

Argument against an individual’s characteristics.

Question 8

Ad hominem Circumstancial

Answer 8

Arguer criticizes the circumstance of the author.

Question 9

Tu quoque

Answer 9

Argument attempts to make the arguer appear hypocritical.

Question 10

Fallacy of accident

Answer 10

When a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover.

Question 11

Straw man Fallacy

Answer 11

when an arguer distorts an opponents argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it.

Question 12

Missing the point

Answer 12

Occurs when the premises of an argument support one particular conclusion, but then a different conclusion is drawn.

Question 13

Red Herring fallacy

Answer 13

when the arguer diverts the attention of the reader or listener by changing the subject to a different but sometimes subtly related one.

Question 14

Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 14

Is committed when an individual uses the incapability of something to be proved as a premise.

Question 15

Hasty Generalization

Answer 15

An argument that draws a conclusion about all members of a group.

Question 16

Fallacy of False Cause

Answer 16

Whenever the link between premises and conclusion depends on some imagined causal connection that probably does not exist.

Question 17

Slippery Slope

Answer 17

Occurs when the conclusion of an argument rests on an alleged chain reaction and there is not sufficient reason to think that the reaction will take place.

Question 18

Weak Analogy

Answer 18

Is committed when the analogy is not strong enough to support the conclusion that is drawn.

Question 19

Fallacies of presumption

Answer 19

Begging the question, complex question, false dichotomy, and suppressed evidence.
Arise because the premises presume what they purport to prove.

Question 20

Fallacies of Ambiguity

Answer 20

Equivocation and Amphiboly

Arise from the occurrence of some form of ambiguity in either the premises or the conclusion.

Question 21

Fallacies of illicit transference

Answer 21

Composition and Division.
Is committed when arguments involve the incorrect transference of an attribute from its parts to the whole an vice-versa.

Question 22

Begging the question

Answer 22

Is committed when the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion by leaving out a false key premise.

Question 23

Complex question

Answer 23

is committed when two or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is then given to both.

Question 24

False Dichotomy

Answer 24

is committed when a disjunctive premise presents two unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available.

Question 25

Suppressed Evidence

Answer 25

If an inductive argument ignores some important piece of evidence that outweighs the presented evidence.

Question 26

Equivocation

Answer 26

occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word or phrase is used, either explicitly or implicitly, in two different senses.

Question 27

Amphiboly

Answer 27

When the arguer misinterprets an ambiguous statement and then draws a conclusion based on this faulty interpretation.

Question 28

Composition

Answer 28

When the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole.

Question 29

Division

Answer 29

opposite of composition