Chapter 1 Flashcards
Argument
A group of statements, one of which the conclusion is supported by the others, the premises
Premises
the evidence.
Statement
A particular kind of sentence. What we would determine to be a Declarative Sentence.
Have a clear gramatical structure.
Truth
Truth is a property of language known as “Correspondance”.
Deductive
One designed such that the truth of the premises, necessitates the truth of the conclusion.
Inductive
One designed such that if the premisses are true, the conclusion is probably true but not necessarily.
Valid
A deductive argument which follows the intended design.
Invalid
A deductive argument which doesnt follow the intended design.
Strong
An inductive argument which follows the intended design.
Weak
An inductive argument which doesnt follow the intended design.
Sound Argument
A valid deductive argument with true premises.
Unsound Argument
A valid deductive argument with false premises.
Cogent Argument
A strong inductive argument with true premises.
The Counterexample Method
A method for proving invalidity. It consists in constructing a substitution instance having true premises and a false conclusion.
syllogistic logic
A kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument.
Modal Logic
A kind of logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief , and doubt.
Simple Noninferential Passages
- Warnings
- Pieces of advice
- Statements of belief or opinion
- Loosely associated statements
- A report
Expository Passages
A kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence.
Explanations
An expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon.
Explanandum
The statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained.
“the thing youre trying to explain”
Explanans
The statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining.
The explanation.
Definiens
language used to define.
Definiendum
word to be defined.
