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anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell membrane primarily composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer (back-to-back phospholipids)

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2
Q

What contributes to the fluidity of membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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3
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids result in kinks in the hydrophobic tails

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4
Q

Hydrophobic definiton

A

repels water

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5
Q

Hydrophilic definition

A

attracts/likes water

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6
Q

What is an amphipatic molecule?

A

Molecule that ocntains both a hydrophillic and hydrophobic region

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7
Q

T/F - Phos. bilayer is very rigid and hard

A

NO. Phos. bilayer is very fluid

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8
Q

What parts of the phospholipid bilayer touch the cytosol and ECF?

A

The hydrophobic heads

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9
Q

Which part of Phos. bilayer is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

Head - Hydrophilic (non-polar)

Tail - Hydrophobic

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10
Q

What is the intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid interior of the cell

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11
Q

What is the extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

A watery medium environment outside of the enclosure of the cell membrane

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12
Q

What is interstitial fluid (IF)

A

extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels

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13
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

Protein with carbohydrate attached

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14
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

Lipid with a carbohydrate attached

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15
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

Protein within/embedded in the membrane

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16
Q

What is a channel protein?

A

Integral protein that allows particular materials to enter/exit cell

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17
Q

What do recognition proteins do?

A

Mark a cell’s identity so others can recognize it

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18
Q

What is a ligand?

A

specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor

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19
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

Fuzzy appearing sugar coating around the cell; formed from glycoproteins and other carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane

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20
Q

What is glycocalyx important?

A

It gives each of the individual’s trillions of cells the “identity” of belonging in the person’s body. This identity is the primary way that a person’s immune defence cells “know” not to attack the person’s own body cells, but it also is the reason organs donated by another person might be rejected.

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21
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins bound on the inner/outer surface of the lipid bilayer

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22
Q

What regulates the concentration of substances?

A

Cell membrane

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23
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

transport of materials without use of cell energy

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24
Q

What is active transport?

A

transport of materials using ATP

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25
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

A cell’s ability to allow only substances meeting certain criteria to pass through it unaided

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26
Q

What is the criteria to pass through the cell membrane? (What must the substance entering be?)

A

relatively small, nonpolar materials

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27
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space. Molecules/ions will spread/diffuse from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated until they are equally distributed in that space.

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28
Q

what is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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29
Q

T/F The higher the temperature, the quicker the diffusion

A

TRUE

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30
Q

What are the components of the Cell Theory? (4 of them)

A
  1. Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
  2. All cells come from the division of preexisting cells
  3. Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
  4. Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
31
Q

What are sex cells, and what are they sometimes called?

A

Sometimes called “germ” cells, these are reproductive cells

32
Q

What are male sex cells?

A

Sperm

33
Q

What are female sex cells?

A

Oocyte (a cell that develops into an egg)

34
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

All body cells other than sex cells

35
Q

Which cells have a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic

36
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Liquid outside nucleus and inside cell membrane

37
Q

What separates cytoplasm from the ECF?

A

Cell membrane

38
Q

What comprises the cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol and organelles

39
Q

What are the four functions of the plasma/cellular membrane? (SEE NOTES FOR COMPLETE ANSWER)

A
  1. Physical isolation
  2. Regulation of exchange with the environment
  3. Sensitivity to the environment
  4. Structural support
40
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A “little organ”; One of several different types of membrane-enclosed bodies in the cell

41
Q

Organelles + Cytosol = ???

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

What are the four letters of DNA and which matches up with which?

A

AT and CG (Adenine and thymine & Cytosine and guanine)

43
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity. These substances are restricted to special protein channels and specialized transport mechanisms in the membrane

44
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

A tiny passageway for the passage of proteins (used in facilitated diffusion)

45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

46
Q

What are isotonic solutions?

A

Two solutes that have the same concentration of solutes

47
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

48
Q

What happens to hypertonic cells when water leaves via osmosis?

A

The cell shrivels

49
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

50
Q

What can happen to cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

They can swell and burst

51
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do? Where is it located?

A

Transports sodium out of a cell while moving potassium into the cell. Located in the membrane of many types of cells

52
Q

What is the electrical gradient?

A

The difference in electrical charge aross a space

53
Q

What is a symporter?

A

Secondary active transporters that move two substances in the same direction

54
Q

What are antiporters?

A

Secondary active transport systems that transport substances in opposite directions

55
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Process od a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane.

56
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The endocytosis of large particles.

57
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles

58
Q

How do immune cells engage in phagocytosis?

A

Many immune cells will patrol the body tissue for unwanted matter, such as invading bacterial cells, phagocytize them, and digest them

59
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Endocytosis of only certain substances

60
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell exporting material using vesicular transport

61
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

62
Q

T/F The nucleus is an organelle?

A

True

63
Q

What is oxidative stress?

A
  • Damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species
  • Can remove electrons from other molecules, making them oxidized and reactive, and they can now do that to others
64
Q

What are reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A
  • Such a peroxides

- Highly reactive products of many normal cell processes (called free radicals)

65
Q

What are some examples of ROS?

A

Superoxide (O2-), Hydroxyl radical OH, H2O2

66
Q

Why are free radicals reactive?

A

Free radicals are reactive because they contain free unpaired electrons, they can easily oxidize other molecules causing cell damage/death

67
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Framework of the cell

68
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Structures on surface of cell that increase surface area

69
Q

What are centrioles? What do they do?

A
  • Direct mvt. of chromosomes during cell division
  • Organize the cytoskeleton
  • Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is the centrosome
70
Q

What are cilia?

A

Beats rhythmically to move fluids across cell surface

71
Q

What do proteasomes do?

A

Remove and breakdown damaged or abnormal proteins

Require targeted proteins to be tagged

72
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • “Slapchop”
  • Filled with digestive enzymes
  • Responsible for autolysis of injured cells
73
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Carry enzymes that neutralize toxins

74
Q

What is the membrane flow and where does it begin?

A
  • Continuous mvt. of membrane

- Starts in ER, Vesicles, Gogli Ap, and then Cell Membrane

anatomy (3 decks)

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