Chapter 3

Question 1

What is aristotles idea of the “first mover”

Answer 1

Everything that happens is ultimately attributable to a single universal cause

Question 2

What is a monad

Answer 2

An individual substance in the sense that it contains all of its features — past, present, future. Examples are an atom, a humans, etc.

Question 3

Who made the theory of monads

Answer 3

Leibniz

Question 4

Are monads dependent or independent of all things

Answer 4

Independent

Question 5

Who wrote the leviathan

Answer 5

Thomas Hobbes

Question 6

What does Hobbes think of human beings

Answer 6

They’re physical objects that are sophisticated machines.

Question 7

What did the Milesians think on metaphysics

Answer 7

Change is only apparent but the real world remained the same

Question 8

What did Heraclitus say about metaphysics

Answer 8

There’s continuos change to everything

Question 9

Heraclitus quote

Answer 9

You cannot step twice into the same river

Question 10

Parmenides thoughts on metaphysics

Answer 10

Being is a permanent unchanging part of reality

Question 11

Parmenides quote

Answer 11

Being is, non being is not

Question 12

Plato thoughts on metaphysics

Answer 12

Human beings belong to real and apparent worlds. We have a body and soul.

Question 13

Epicurus thoughts on metaphysics

Answer 13

World is composed of atoms and empty space. Every change is made of atomic collisions. Human mind is made of “soul atoms”

Question 14

4 principles of Aristotle on cause for metaphysics

Answer 14

Material cause
Formal cause
Efficient cause
Final cause

Question 15

Material cause

Answer 15

What is it that changes

Question 16

Formal cause

Answer 16

What does it change to

Question 17

Efficient cause

Answer 17

What makes the change

Question 18

Final cause

Answer 18

For what reason does it change

Question 19

Augustine thought on time

Answer 19

There’s past present and future. Present is continuously a vanishing point as time goes on.

Question 20

3 realities of Descartes

Answer 20

God
Mind
Matter

Question 21

Cartesian dualism

Answer 21

The mind and body are completely separate.

Question 22

Hobbes view on metaphysics

Answer 22

Physical and mental world are materialistic

Question 23

Monads based on metaphysics according to Leibniz

Answer 23

Monads start with God. Higher monads are souls or minds. Monads are self contained universe with independent monads acting in harmony with all others. There must be a God who is the cause of monads

Question 24

Metaphysics according to Locke

Answer 24

God and ourselves are the only two certain things. The only two substances are bodies and spirits

Question 25

Two metaphysical theories according to Johan Fichte

Answer 25

Idealism and materialism

Question 26

Who made the absolute mind theory

Answer 26

Georg Hegel

Question 27

What is the absolute mind theory

Answer 27

Absolute mind is striving to become a completely free being.

Question 28

Who did Hegel influence

Answer 28

Karl Marx

Question 29

Who made the dialectic

Answer 29

Hegel

Question 30

Arthur Schopenhauer on metaphysics

Answer 30

World appears as a series of ideas that have no purpose or goal. Human existence is hopeless

Question 31

Alfred whitehead view of metaphysics

Answer 31

Universe can be understood only as organisms that are developing. God exists through His love and preserves everything and gives everything purpose

Question 32

3 truths (thomistic — Augustinian thought)

Answer 32

Freedom of will
Immortality of soul
Existence of God

Question 33

What does Thomas Aquarians write about man

Answer 33

Man is both metaphysical and physical. Man is an animal and must live like one (care for oneself) and also live like a rational being. Man is created by God. If man doesn’t exist then man is the highest being in the universe and the final standard. If God does exist, then man is less than God.