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Western Civ. I 203 Exam #1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the basic building block of Greece?

A

The polis. (City-State.)

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2
Q

Which city-states had exceptional political clout?

A

Athens, Sparta, and Corinth.

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3
Q

Describe the average Greek.

A

A humble farmer who’s main concern was feeding his family and not philosophy. He may have been familiar with Socrates but it was not his main concern. He was invested in making sure the polis was run.

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4
Q

Describe the Mediterranean climate and what could be grown in Greece.

A

Hot and dry summers with short wet winters. Could grow grains but olives and grapes grew exceptionally well.

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5
Q

What were the mountains in the South of Greece called?

A

The Peloponnese.

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6
Q

What was at a premium in ancient Greece?

A

Farmland.

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7
Q

Where did the people who would eventually settle Greece come from and what type of people were they?

A

The central steps of Asia. They were Indo-European.

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8
Q

Who was the first proto-Greek civilization?

A

Minoans.

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9
Q

Where did the Minoans settle?

A

The isle of Crete.

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10
Q

What kind of society were the Minoans?

A

A Palace Society.

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11
Q

What is a palace society?

A

A city or series of cities that contains massive palace style building where the affairs of the region were handled.

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12
Q

Name the impressive palace found by Sir Arthur Evans?

A

Knossos

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13
Q

What are some important qualities of the palace at Knossos?

A

Had over 1,300 rooms and spanned over 5 acres.

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14
Q

What two scripts did the Minoans use?

A

Linear A followed by Linear B.

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15
Q

Which Minoan script best represents a proto-Greek script and is associated with Mycenaean civilization?

A

Linear B.

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16
Q

Was Minoan society matriarchal or patriarchal?

A

Matriarchal.

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17
Q

What painting shows people running towards a bull and jumping over it?

A

Torreador Fresco

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18
Q

True or False: The Minoans traded with nations around the Mediterranean and Egypt.

A

True

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19
Q

How did Minoan civilization end?

A

A combination of a weakening natural disaster and conquest by the Mycenaeans.

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20
Q

Where did the Cyclades inhabit?

A

The islands southeast of mainland Greece including the island of Delos.

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21
Q

What are the Cyclades known for?

A

Beautiful art and marble sculptures.

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22
Q

What Cyclade island had a special importance for future Greek civilization?

A

Delos.

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23
Q

What society created the stunning gold mask of Agamemnon?

A

Mycenaeans or Achaeans.

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24
Q

What type of civilization were the Mycenaeans?

A

A war-like and brutal civilization that conquered numerous other peoples. They were also a palace society.

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25
Q

What is one famed piece of architecture at Mycenae?

A

The Lions Gate.

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26
Q

How was Mycenaean society organized?

A

Not much is known, but we do know they had a warrior aristocracy class.

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27
Q

What other activity were the Mycenaeans good at besides war?

A

Engineering.

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28
Q

What two scripts did the Mycenaeans have?

A

Linear A and Linear B.

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29
Q

What famous poet drew from some of the tales of the Mycenaean are?

A

Homer.

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30
Q

What happened to Mycenaean civilization?

A

They were mostly conquered by the Dorians.

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31
Q

What are some other theories of what happened to Mycenaean civilization?

A

They were conquered by the “sea-peoples”. Or a natural disaster triggered a system collapse.

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32
Q

What is meant by the term Dark Ages in the phrase the Greek Dark Ages?

A

Political organization was on a very limited and local scale. No really massive empires or long-distance trade. Building projects don’t happen and huge empire expansion doesn’t really occur.

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33
Q

What is an epic?

A

A long poem, over 10,000 lines written in dactylic hexameter.

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34
Q

What is dactylic hexameter?

A

Six feet per line of usually long-short-short feet.

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35
Q

What are the collection of the epics that draw on epics from other cultures called?

A

The epic cycle.

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36
Q

What do Homeric epics deal with?

A

War, gods, death, life, and heroes.

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37
Q

What do scholars believe the troubles in Homer’s epics mirror?

A

The troubles that were occuring during the Greek Dark Ages.

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38
Q

When did Homer compose his poems?

A

At the end of the Greek Dark Ages.

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39
Q

What is the Greek Miracle?

A

Greece becoming more stable and far more prosperous. The cause of the Greek miracle is unknown.

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40
Q

Define the Greek Arete?

A

The strive for merit and virtue. Real life heroism put into practice.

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41
Q

What idea about Greek interaction in the polis was unique?

A

Citizenship.

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42
Q

Who were citizens of a typical Greek city-state?

A

All free males who were not citizens of another city-state.

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43
Q

What was expected of citizens of the polis?

A

That they would actively participate in the affairs of the polis.

44
Q

What was a value the Greek embraced to an unprecedented level?

A

Freedom.

45
Q

How did the Greek city-state find strength?

A

Dialectic.

46
Q

What was Dialectic?

A

All parties investigate to find the truth of the claims they are all making to find the final truth.

47
Q

Which did the Greek emphasize: individualism or communalism?

A

Individualism.

48
Q

What did the Greek individualism manifest itself as in Greek society?

A

Competition within and with other city states and a near constant state of warfare.

49
Q

What did the Greek city states typically fight over?

A

The farmland between the two city states.

50
Q

How did the Greeks fight?

A

In a massive unit called a phalanx. Each warrior had a hoplon, shield, that he would use to protect his comrade. This is called hoplite warfare.

51
Q

What was the Greek venue for sporting competition?

A

Olympia.

52
Q

What happened during the Orientalizing Period?

A

The Greeks sent out colonists that came into contact with older and more well established civilizations like the Egyptians, the Babylonians etc.

53
Q

What type of script did the Greeks adopt during the Orientalizing Period?

A

The Phoenician Alphabet

54
Q

What characterized Greek view of humanity?

A

Humanism. The worship of the human form and humanity.

55
Q

What was evidence of the Greeks borrowing from the East?

A

Kouroi Statues which heavily reflect Egyptian style.

56
Q

Was Greek religion revealed or unrevealed?

A

Unrevealed.

57
Q

What was the most famous oracle?

A

The Oracle at Delphi

58
Q

What happened most notably during the Archaic Period?

A

Tyrants started to take control over Greek city-states.

59
Q

How did tyrants seize authority in the city-state?

A

By taking control of the Acropolis.

60
Q

What did tyrants usually do when they took control?

A

Lowered taxes and spent their own funds on public projects.

61
Q

How long did tyrants rule usually last?

A

No longer than two generations.

62
Q

Who tried to take over the government at Athens?

A

Cylon.

63
Q

Who slaughtered Cylon’s family after his first coup attempt failed?

A

Alcmaeonid Family.

64
Q

Who did the people elect after Cylon’s first failed coup?

A

Draco

65
Q

Who did the people institute after Draco?

A

Solon.

66
Q

How did Solon try to fix the problems in Athens?

A

By putting in some short term fixes, leaving, and telling the people not to change anything until he came back.

67
Q

Who then seized control of the Athens government after Solon left?

A

Peisistratus.

68
Q

Which tenure of Peisistratus was the most stable?

A

The third.

69
Q

Who did Peisistratus pass down his rule to?

A

Hippias.

70
Q

Who overthrew Hippias?

A

Harmodius and Aristogeiton.

71
Q

Who took power after Hippias was overthrown?

A

Cleisthenes.

72
Q

What policy did Cleisthenes establish?

A

One that was close to radical democracy. He also developed a system to ostracize one man for 10 years from the city-states.

73
Q

Who did the popular assembly consist of?

A

All male citizens.

74
Q

Who elected the Boule?

A

The assembly?

75
Q

Who tried cases in Greece?

A

The People’s Court assembled of jurors chosen at random.

76
Q

Who oversaw the execution of the government?

A

Magistrates.

77
Q

What city-state developed opposite from Athens?

A

Sparta.

78
Q

Who recorded some of the history of early Sparta?

A

Plutarch.

79
Q

Who did the Spartan enable to save the city-state?

A

Lycurgus.

80
Q

What was the strict training system Sparta forced their youth to go to?

A

Agoge.

81
Q

What was the Spartan Constitution called?

A

Great Rhetra

82
Q

What was the elder council that governed Sparta?

A

Gerousia.

83
Q

How did Spartan society cope with all males being warriors?

A

Helots.

84
Q

Who were mostly helots?

A

The enslaved Messenians.

85
Q

How did Greek pottery evolve?

A

Went from animal scene to black heroic figures to red heroic figures.

86
Q

Who was the greatest female poet in history?

A

Sappho.

87
Q

Who challenged the Homeric poem paradigm?

A

Archilochus.

88
Q

What was philosophy?

A

The study to understand the universe.

89
Q

Who discovered the importance of water in bioorganisms?

A

Thales.

90
Q

Who theorized that the universe was constantly in flux on the particle level?

A

Heraclitus.

91
Q

Who came up with the idea of an indivisible atom?

A

Democritus.

92
Q

Who conquered the Ionian Greek tribes?

A

Lydian King Croesus.

93
Q

What caused Darius to attack the Athenians in the First Persian Invasion?

A

The Athenian aid of the Ionian revolt

94
Q

What battle gave Persia the victory over the Ionians?

A

The Battle of Lade

95
Q

Where did Persian forces first land?

A

Marathon.

96
Q

Who was the best source for history during the Persian Invasions?

A

Herodotus.

97
Q

What battle could have destroyed Greek Civilization if it was lost?

A

The Battle of Marathon.

98
Q

Who launched the second Persian Invasion?

A

Xerxes.

99
Q

Where did the Athenians and Greeks try and stop the second invasion?

A

Thermopylae.

100
Q

Who bought time for the Greeks to regroup at Athens?

A

King Leonidas of Sparta and 1,000 men.

101
Q

Who took matters into their own hands to defeat the Persian navy?

A

Themistocles.

102
Q

What battle crushed the Second Persian Invasion?

A

Battle of Salamis Bay.

103
Q

What did Xerxes do after this defeat?

A

Left 150,000 men under his general Mardonius.

104
Q

Who led the Spartans to meet the General Mardonius?

A

Pausinas.

105
Q

Where did the Spartans fight the Persians?

A

Platea.

Western Civ. I 203 Exam #1 (5 decks)

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