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Western Civ. I 203 Exam #1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only errant source for the history of earliest man?

A

The Bible

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2
Q

Define civilization.

A

Community-minded life with varying aspects of agriculture, trade, specialized roles/vocations, political and religious organization, manufacturing technology, and writing.

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3
Q

True or False: Early man was primitive.

A

False

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4
Q

What aspects show that early man was intelligent?

A

Language, Forging Technology, Musical Ability, City-Building Technology, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Crop Farming, Some Legal Code (at least in concept), and Perhaps the Ability to Write

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5
Q

What does the statue Venus of Willendorf represent?

A

An early and odd fertility goddess.

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6
Q

What are the important aspects of western civilization’s legal environment?

A

The establishment of a codified law that must be known to all.

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7
Q

Where is Mesopotamia?

A

The land area in modern-Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates. Mesopotamia is also part of the fertile crescent.

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8
Q

Define city-states.

A

Cities that have no political allegiance to a larger organizing body.

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9
Q

Where do we find the first evidence of civilization?

A

At Sumer.

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10
Q

When was the Bronze Age?

A

3000 B.C.

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11
Q

What occurred during the Bronze Age?

A

The period where forging skill was regained. Bronze weapons and implements were created.

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12
Q

What are some general aspects of Sumerian society?

A

An urban environment that focused on individuals working together for the good of each other to improve their overall lot in life.

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13
Q

What was the Sumerian script called?

A

Cuneiform.

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14
Q

What type of script did the Sumerians initially use?

A

A pictographic script. One that used a picture of the thing that was trying to be communicated. (e.g. draw an ox to communicate ox.)

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15
Q

What was the next evolution of Sumerian script?

A

An ideographic script. One that uses a picture to represent something more abstract and much harder to draw.

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16
Q

What was a future advanced script the Sumerians did not achieve?

A

A phonetic script. Symbols that when put together form more diverse and functional groups to symbolize something. (e.g. how d-o-g in English symbolizes a dog.)

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17
Q

True or False: Sumerian civilization regarded their kings as gods?

A

False. Though they did consider their kings representatives of the gods.

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18
Q

What was the Code of Hammurabi and when was it created?

A

A transcription of all the laws governing their society and the punishment for each based on social class. It was inscribed on a stele. It was created in the 18th century B.C.

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19
Q

Were the Sumerians monotheistic or polytheistic?

A

Polytheistic. Their gods were organized into a pantheon.

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20
Q

What was a Ziggurat?

A

A massive pyramidic structure with a temple on top dedicated to the patron god of the city-state.

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21
Q

What is a revealed religion? Did the Sumerians possess a revealed religion?

A

A revealed religion is one in which there is a possesed rule book that can illuminate all theological matters. The Sumerians did not have a revealed religion. Theological matters were left up to a priest class.

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22
Q

What was an example of the collected myths and stories of a people during early civilization?

A

The Epic of Gilgamesh.

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23
Q

When was the Epic of Gilgamesh transcribed?

A

Around the 17th century B.C.

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24
Q

What is the Epic of Gilgamesh about?

A

The journey of King Gilgamesh and his life. It also records some details related to a flood. Close to the actual Biblical account of the flood.

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25
Q

What did Egyptian society and culture revolve around?

A

The Nile River.

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26
Q

There are two types of soil in Egypt. What is the name of the black, life-giving soil? What is the name of the red-backed soil?

A

Khemet. (Black) Deshret (Red)

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27
Q

What are the aspects of the Lower Nile?

A

Marked by a swampy delta region with multiple mouths of the Nile flowing into the Mediterranean.

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28
Q

What are the aspects of the Upper Nile?

A

To the south. (Sentence in the text cuts out as if there was more.)

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29
Q

Who was the first king of unified Egypt? (He was also the one who unified the Upper and Lower Kingdoms.)

A

Scorpion or Narmer or Menes.

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30
Q

Approximately when did Egypt officially begin?

A

Third Millenium BC

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31
Q

What were the rulers of Egypt called?

A

Pharaohs

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32
Q

What were the three Kingdoms that characterized Egyptian civilizations?

A

The Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Each interrupted by periods of chaos.

33
Q

What did the Egyptians believe about the afterlife that was unique from other proto-western civilizations?

A

They had a positive view of the afterlife. One would maintain their social status and life would get easier.

34
Q

What substance did the Egyptians lose to preserve the dead?

A

Natron.

35
Q

What was Natron?

A

A salt and soda ash mixture.

36
Q

True or False: The Egyptians consider Pharoh a god?

A

True

37
Q

What was the Pharoh seen as having to maintain?

A

Ma’at (Cosmic Order)

38
Q

How was ma’at gauged by the Egyptians?

A

By the proper flooding of the Nile River.

39
Q

How did the Pharoh rule the Egyptians?

A

Through nomarchs. (Administrative governors.) And the priest and scribal classes who could also ursurp power.

40
Q

What was the Egyptians earliest form of script?

A

Hieroglyphics.

41
Q

Which civilization first developed the 365-day solar calendar?

A

The Egyptians.

42
Q

On what did the Egyptians keep records?

A

Papyrus

43
Q

What did Martin Bernal do/publish/assert that shocked the world?

A

Created the Black Athena. It asserted that most Greek and therefore western civilization came from Egypt.

44
Q

Where was the first place that Arianism took hold?

A

Egypt.

45
Q

Define the term Empire.

A

A state that has conquered neighboring civilizations. Usually for the exploitation of resources.

46
Q

What kind of language did the Akkadians speak?

A

Some form of a Semitic language.

47
Q

Which emperor united his people with Sumer into the first known Empire?

A

Sargon the Great.

48
Q

What did the Akkadian language eventually become for a time?

A

The lingua franca. (Common political or trade language.)

49
Q

What caused the fall of the Akkadian empire?

A

A large drought that occurred in the 21st century B.C.

50
Q

Who was the one of the most famous Babylonian kings?

A

King Hammurabi.

51
Q

Who sacked the Babylonians?

A

The Hittites.

52
Q

What type of language did the Hittites speak?

A

An Indo-European Language

53
Q

The Hittites were one of the first to use which type of metal technology?

A

Iron technology.

54
Q

What two sides fought in the Battle of Kadesh?

A

The Egyptians and the Hittites.

55
Q

What two Kings led their respective sides during the battle of Kadesh?

A

Pharoh Ramses II and Muwatalli II.

56
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Kadesh?

A

A stalemate.

57
Q

What two threats caused the Egyptians and the Hittites to sign a peace treaty?

A

The Assyrians from the East and the “Sea-Peoples” from the West.

58
Q

What pre-Greek civilization did the Hittites have record of and may have influenced?

A

The Mycenaeans.

59
Q

Where did the Phoenicians reside?

A

The central Levant at Lebanon.

60
Q

Were the Phoenicians an empire or a group of city-states?

A

A group of city-states.

61
Q

What did the Phoenicians create that was the original source of other major civilizations’ alphabets?

A

The Phoenician alphabet.

62
Q

What characterized Phoenician civilization?

A

They were sea-farers and traders who roamed the Mediterranean and the African coast.

63
Q

What were the Assyrians known for?

A

Being especially barbaric and blood-thirsty.

64
Q

What did the Assyrians do to those they conquered?

A

Cut off thousands of heads and put them on the road. They also assimilated certain aspects of a conquered nation’s culture.

65
Q

Who supplanted the Assyrian Empire?

A

The Neo-Babylonians or the Chaldeans

66
Q

Who was the Chaldeans most famous King?

A

Nebuchanezer II

67
Q

What did Nebuchadnezzar II complete?

A

The sacking and destruction of Judah.

68
Q

Who did the Chaldeans fall to?

A

The Persians.

69
Q

Who was the King that led the Persians into Western Civilization?

A

Cyrus the Great.

70
Q

Who were the Persians closely aligned with?

A

The Medes.

71
Q

What type of religion did the Persians have and how did it progress?

A

Initially an animistic religion that morphed into a dualistic revealed religion.

72
Q

What is a dualistic religion?

A

Two opposing forces constantly oppose yet balance each other?

73
Q

What two cosmic forces did the Persians believe in?

A

Ahura Mazda (Wisdom) and Angra Mainyu (Destructive)

74
Q

What was the Zorastrian sacred text?

A

The Avesta.

75
Q

Who led the Persians in the conquering of Egypt?

A

Cyrus’ son Cambyses.

76
Q

How did Cyrus rule his empire?

A

Satrapies. (Something like providences).

77
Q

Who ruled the Satrapies and how did the King keep them in check?

A

Satraps. Held accountable to the King by appointment and payment.

78
Q

What language did the Persians rely on?

A

Aramaic.

79
Q

How does the Marxist school of history attribute change?

A

Environmental and Physical factors only. (Called environmental determinism.)

Western Civ. I 203 Exam #1 (5 decks)

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