chapter 3 Flashcards by Ashley Hafer

3 principles of neoplasia

unregulated
monoclonal
irreversible

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historical way of assessing clonality

G6PD isoforms

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most common way of assessing clonality

kappa:lambda of Ig light chain

normal 3:1

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divisions before earliest sx arise

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aflatoxins (cause/derived from)

hepatocellular carcinoma

from aspergillus

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alkylating agents

leukemia/lymphoma

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alcohol (3)

SCC of oropharynx, upper esophagus

hepatocellular carcinoma

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arsenic (3)

SCC of skin
Lung cancer
angiosarcoma of liver

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asbestos (2)

lung carcinoma

mesothelioma

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cigarette smoke (6)

CA of oropharynx, lung, esophagus, bladder, pancreas, kidney

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element of cigarette smoke that are particularly carcinogenic

polycylic hydrocarbons

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nitrosamines

stomach cancer

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naphthylamine

urothelial cancer of bladder

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naphthylamine exposures (2)

rubber/tire factories, smoking

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vinyl chloride

angiosarcoma of liver

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vinyl chloride exposure

PVC pipes

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nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica

lung cancer

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cancers from EBV (3)

nasopharyngeal carcinoma
burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma

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cancer from HHV-8

kaposi sarcoma

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cancers from HBV/HCV

heptocellular carcinoma

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cancer from HTLV-1

adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia

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cancers from high risk HPV (16,18,31,33)

SCC of vulva, cervix, anus

adenocarcinoma of cervix

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cancers from ionizing radiation (3)

AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of thyroid

cancers from non ionizing radiation

skin cancers- SCC, BCC, melanoma

pyrimidine dimers in DNA

PDGF overexpression

astrocytoma

Her2/Neu (ERBB2)

her2+ breast cancer

RET

MEN2A, MEN2B, sporadic medullary CA of thyroid

KIT

GIST

RAS

carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma

c-myc

burkitt lymphoma

n-myc

neuroblastoma

l-myc

small cell lung cancer

CDK4

melanoma

p53 action

regulates cell cycle progression from G1-S

2 actions of p53 if mutations are detected

1) upregulate repair genes | 2) upregulate BAX to disrupt bcl2 and induce apoptosis

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

germline mutation in which one copy of p53 is lost = increased carcinomas and sarcomas

Rb action

regulates feel cycle progression from G1-S by binding E2F

when does Rb release E2F?

when Rb is phosphorylated by cyclin D-CDK4, it releases E2F

Familial retinoblastoma

germline mutation in which one copy of Rb is lost = bilateral retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

2 factors unregulated by tumor cells for angiogenesis

VEGF, FGF

mechanism by which tumor cells avoid immune detection

down regulate MCH I expression

steps to cancer cells spreading locally (4)

1) down regulate E-cadherin 2) attach to laminin 3) destroy basement membrane with collagenase 4) attach to fibronectin

carcinomas classically spread via-

lymphatics

4 carcinomas that have hematogenous spread

renal cell carcinoma (renal vein) hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatic vein) choriocarcinoma follicular cancer of thyroid

type of cancer that classically seeds body cavities

ovarian cancer (omental caking)

hallmark of malignancy

metastatic potential

keratin

epithelum

vimentin

mesenchyme

desmin

muscle

GFAP

neuroglia

neurofilament

neuron

s-100+ (3)

melanocytes schwann cells langerhans cells

tumor grade

how much the tissue looks like it's parent tissue | well differentiated vs poorly differentiated

key prognostic feature

stage

staging system

T- tumor size/depth N- nodes M- mets