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pathoma > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 principles of neoplasia

A

unregulated
monoclonal
irreversible

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2
Q

historical way of assessing clonality

A

G6PD isoforms

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3
Q

most common way of assessing clonality

A

kappa:lambda of Ig light chain

normal 3:1

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4
Q

divisions before earliest sx arise

A

30

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5
Q

aflatoxins (cause/derived from)

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

from aspergillus

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6
Q

alkylating agents

A

leukemia/lymphoma

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7
Q

alcohol (3)

A

SCC of oropharynx, upper esophagus

hepatocellular carcinoma

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8
Q

arsenic (3)

A

SCC of skin
Lung cancer
angiosarcoma of liver

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9
Q

asbestos (2)

A

lung carcinoma

mesothelioma

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10
Q

cigarette smoke (6)

A

CA of oropharynx, lung, esophagus, bladder, pancreas, kidney

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11
Q

element of cigarette smoke that are particularly carcinogenic

A

polycylic hydrocarbons

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12
Q

nitrosamines

A

stomach cancer

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13
Q

naphthylamine

A

urothelial cancer of bladder

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14
Q

naphthylamine exposures (2)

A

rubber/tire factories, smoking

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15
Q

vinyl chloride

A

angiosarcoma of liver

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16
Q

vinyl chloride exposure

A

PVC pipes

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17
Q

nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica

A

lung cancer

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18
Q

cancers from EBV (3)

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma
burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma

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19
Q

cancer from HHV-8

A

kaposi sarcoma

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20
Q

cancers from HBV/HCV

A

heptocellular carcinoma

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21
Q

cancer from HTLV-1

A

adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia

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22
Q

cancers from high risk HPV (16,18,31,33)

A

SCC of vulva, cervix, anus

adenocarcinoma of cervix

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23
Q

cancers from ionizing radiation (3)

A

AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of thyroid

24
Q

cancers from non ionizing radiation

A

skin cancers- SCC, BCC, melanoma

pyrimidine dimers in DNA

25
Q

PDGF overexpression

A

astrocytoma

26
Q

Her2/Neu (ERBB2)

A

her2+ breast cancer

27
Q

RET

A

MEN2A, MEN2B, sporadic medullary CA of thyroid

28
Q

KIT

A

GIST

29
Q

RAS

A

carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma

30
Q

c-myc

A

burkitt lymphoma

31
Q

n-myc

A

neuroblastoma

32
Q

l-myc

A

small cell lung cancer

33
Q

CDK4

A

melanoma

34
Q

p53 action

A

regulates cell cycle progression from G1-S

35
Q

2 actions of p53 if mutations are detected

A

1) upregulate repair genes

2) upregulate BAX to disrupt bcl2 and induce apoptosis

36
Q

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A

germline mutation in which one copy of p53 is lost = increased carcinomas and sarcomas

37
Q

Rb action

A

regulates feel cycle progression from G1-S by binding E2F

38
Q

when does Rb release E2F?

A

when Rb is phosphorylated by cyclin D-CDK4, it releases E2F

39
Q

Familial retinoblastoma

A

germline mutation in which one copy of Rb is lost = bilateral retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

40
Q

2 factors unregulated by tumor cells for angiogenesis

A

VEGF, FGF

41
Q

mechanism by which tumor cells avoid immune detection

A

down regulate MCH I expression

42
Q

steps to cancer cells spreading locally (4)

A

1) down regulate E-cadherin
2) attach to laminin
3) destroy basement membrane with collagenase
4) attach to fibronectin

43
Q

carcinomas classically spread via-

A

lymphatics

44
Q

4 carcinomas that have hematogenous spread

A

renal cell carcinoma (renal vein)
hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatic vein)
choriocarcinoma
follicular cancer of thyroid

45
Q

type of cancer that classically seeds body cavities

A

ovarian cancer (omental caking)

46
Q

hallmark of malignancy

A

metastatic potential

47
Q

keratin

A

epithelum

48
Q

vimentin

A

mesenchyme

49
Q

desmin

A

muscle

50
Q

GFAP

A

neuroglia

51
Q

neurofilament

A

neuron

52
Q

s-100+ (3)

A

melanocytes
schwann cells
langerhans cells

53
Q

tumor grade

A

how much the tissue looks like it’s parent tissue

well differentiated vs poorly differentiated

54
Q

key prognostic feature

A

stage

55
Q

staging system

A

T- tumor size/depth
N- nodes
M- mets

pathoma (7 decks)

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