chapter 1

Question 1

3 permanent tissues

Answer 1

skeletal muscle
nerve
cardiac muscle

Question 2

hyperplasia is usually pathologic, exception?

Answer 2

BPH

Question 3

how do cells decrease in size?

Answer 3

ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of intracellular contents

Question 4

how do cells decrease in number?

Answer 4

apoptosis

Question 5

example of metaplasia that is not associated with increased cancer risk

Answer 5

apocrine metaplasia of the breast

Question 6

all cellular changes are reversible except for __

Answer 6

carcinoma

Question 7

hallmark of reversible injury

Answer 7

cell swelling

Question 8

3 consequences of cell swelling

Answer 8

loss of microvilli
membrane blebbing
decreased protein synthesis (RER swells)

Question 9

hallmark of irreversible injury

Answer 9

membrane damage

Question 10

3 membranes damaged/consequences

Answer 10

plasma membrane- spill cytosolic contents
mito membrane- loss of ETC, cyto c leaks
lysosomal membrane- hydrolytic enzymes

Question 11

hypoxia

Answer 11

decreased O2 to tissues

Question 12

ischemia

Answer 12

decreased O2 secondary to decreased blood flow

Question 13

hypoxemia

Answer 13

decreased O2 secondary to decreased PaO2

Question 14

hallmark of cell death

Answer 14

loss of nucleus

Question 15

3 characteristic changes of cell death

Answer 15

pyknosis (nuc shrinks)
karyorrhexis (nuc into pieces)
karyolysis (nuc pieces dissolve)

Question 16

3 sites of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 16

brain infarct, abscess, pancreatic parenchyma

Question 17

3 times fibrinoid necrosis occurs

Answer 17

malignant HTN, pre-eclampsia, vasculitis

Question 18

3 examples of physiologic apoptosis

Answer 18

endometrial shedding during menses
CD8 T cells killing
during embryogenesis

Question 19

intrinsic apoptotic pathway

Answer 19

stimulation –> decreased BCL-2 –> leaky mitochondrial membrane –> cyto C –> activates caspase 9

Question 20

extrinsic apoptotic pathways (2)

Answer 20

Fas/Fas death receptor (CD 95)
TNF/TNF receptor
caspase 8

Question 21

cytotoxic T cell apoptotic pathway

Answer 21

perforin makes hole

granzyme activates caspases

Question 22

common caspase

Answer 22

3

Question 23

most damaging free radical

Answer 23

hydroxyl (OH.)

Question 24

3 methods of eliminating free radicals

Answer 24

antioxidants (ACE)
metal carrier proteins
glutathione peroxidase

Question 25

effect of Ccl4 exposure

Answer 25

converted to CCl3. hy cyp450 in the liver, decreases apolipoprotein synthesis, leads to fatty liver

Question 26

reperfusion injury

Answer 26

restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue, oxygen mixes with inflammatory substances and generates free radicals, see a continued rise in serum markers

Question 27

causes of systemic amyloidosis (2)

Answer 27

AL- plasma cell dyscrasia | AA- chronic inflammation, malignancy, familial med fever

Question 28

most common organ involved in systemic amyloidosis

Answer 28

kidney (nephrotic syndrome)

Question 29

senile cardiac amyloidosis

Answer 29

accumulation of normal transthyretin normal with aging asymptomatic

Question 30

familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

Answer 30

mutated transthyretin | restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 31

DM2

Answer 31

amylin deposits in pancreatic B cells

Question 32

alzheimers

Answer 32

AB amyloid in plaques

Question 33

dialysis assoc

Answer 33

B2 microglobulin (assoc with MHC I), not removed by dialysis

Question 34

medullary thyroid cancer

Answer 34

calcitonin deposits in amyloid stroma