Chapter 3

Question 1

Reflexes

Answer 1

• involuntary stereotyped movement responses to a particular stimuli
• not conscious
• primitive reflexes critical for human survival
• evolutionary based

Question 2

palmar

Answer 2

• a baby grasps an object placed in the palm of its hand

Question 3

rooting

Answer 3

when a baby’s cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth to help find nipple

Question 4

Four states of Newborn

Answer 4

• alert inactivity - calm with eyes open
• waking activity - bursts of uncoordinated motions
• crying
• sleeping

Question 5

basic cry

Answer 5

• soft and gradual, then more intense

- when baby is tired or hungry

Question 6

mad cry

Answer 6

more intense version of the basic cry

Question 7

pain cry

Answer 7

sudden long bursts of crying followed by a long pause and gasping

Question 8

purple crying

Answer 8

• crying beyond anger
• all babies go through this period
• nothing you can do

Question 9

temperament

Answer 9

• tendency to respond to events in predictable ways
• important to refrain from thinking of a child’s temperament as good or bad
• impacts how a child responds to the environment but how the environment reacts with the child as well

Question 10

categories of temperament

Answer 10

• easy
• difficult
• slow to warm up

Question 11

easy temperament

Answer 11

• infants are even tempered, typically content or happy, open and adaptable to new experiences.

Question 12

difficult temperament

Answer 12

• infants are active, irritable, and irregular in their habits, often react negatively to changes in routine

Question 13

slow to warm up temperament

Answer 13

• relatively inactive, somewhat moody, only moderately regular in their daily schedules, slow to adapt to new people and situations, but they typically respond in mildly, rather than intensively, negative ways

Question 14

goodness of fit

Answer 14

a parent can learn to match their parenting style to the child’s temperament

Question 15

factors that affect temperament

Answer 15

• heredity

- environment

Question 16

terminal buttons

Answer 16

release neurotransmitters that carry information to the other neurons

Question 17

cerebral cortex

Answer 17

region of the brain that controls higher level thinking

Question 18

frontal cortex

Answer 18

located at front and functions in personality and executive functions.

Question 19

growth of specialized brain

Answer 19

• successful specialized requires stimulation from the environment - read!
• the immature brain’s lack of specialization confers a benefit - greater plasticity
• connects that we don’t need we get rid of

Question 20

experience-expectant growth

Answer 20

wiring of the brain is organized by human experiences

Question 21

brain plasticity

Answer 21

young children can recover brain skills lost due to injury more easily than older children and adults

Question 22

self concept

Answer 22

• self awareness
• use of own name or personal pronouns
• knowledge of age and/or gender

Question 23

Rouge test

Answer 23

• put some red on a child’s nose and put them in front of a mirror and see if they recognize that it is them
• occurs around 15-18 months

Question 24

theory of mind

Answer 24

• a native understanding of the relations between mind and behavior
• between ages 2 and 5
• ability to understand other people have their own thoughts and experiences

Question 25

perception

Answer 25

When the brain perceives, selects, modifies, and organizes impulses