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General Medical Conditions > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Diagnostic imaging

A

Refers to special images produced by radiologists and radiology technicians to determine specific medical conditions.

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2
Q

Diagnostic Testing

A

Refers to medical tests that are performed primarily in a laboratory setting, and includ blood, urine, and cardiovascular tests.

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3
Q

Electromagnetic radiation that, when passed through a patient, allows viewing of internal structures. less dense tissue appears darker, fat is gray, and bone is white.

A

Xray

Contrast agents:

Barium and iodine

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4
Q

Risks/Side effects of Xray

A

Pregnancy

slight chance of cancer such as melanomas and leukemia

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5
Q

Nuclear imaging test involving the injection of a short-lived radionuclide to assess abnormalities of bone

A

Radionuclide Bone scan

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6
Q

Hot Spots

A

During a bone scan increased areas of metabolism or bone regrowth and destruction appear as dark blotches.

Stress fractures, bone infections, cancer, and arthritis

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7
Q

Risks/Side effects of Bone scan

A

Allergy to red dye

Pregnancy

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8
Q

Type of radiograph that can be performed when the clinician wants to see a “live” feed of the area.

A

Flouroscopy

often seen in athletic settings in university’s and professional teams. used to get immediate diagnosis of injury.

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9
Q

Combines high resolution radiography with computers to give better visualization of internal structures in cross-sectional or 3D

A

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

Exposes patient to about 10 - 100 times the radiation of an Xray

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10
Q

Risks/Side effects of CT scan

A

leukemia

melanomas

Pregnancy

Dye allegies

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11
Q

Used to examine the cell metabolism and biochemistry of tissue and organs

A

Positron Emission Tomography PET scan

Uses a glucose based radionuclide that is absorbed by the area of abnormal metabolic activity.

Used to identify certian types of cancer, thyroid conditions, infections, bleeding, and evaluate kidney function.

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12
Q

Test that applies a magnetic field to the body. Machine alligns the atoms in the body in such a way that, when released, they generate radio waves.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI

used to identify tumors, detailed info about soft tissues, organs, fractures, bleeding, or infection

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13
Q

T1 vs. T2 MRI imaging

A

T1 image, fat shows as white, whereas water is dark.

T2 image, fat shows as dark, whereas blood, edema, and Cerebral spinal fluid shows as white.

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14
Q

Questions asked before an MRI

A

Cochlear implant

Pacemaker

Heart surgery

Shunt

Insulin pump

Pregnant

Shrapnel gun shot wound

claustrophobia

tattos

body piercings

hearing aids

Dentures

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15
Q

High Fequency sound waves that penetrate the body to produce images of internal structures in “real” time

A

Ultrasound (US)

Used to identify tumors, enlarged lymph nodes, heart abnormalities, soft tissue injury, bleeding, and fetal development

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16
Q

Ultrasound of the heart

A

Echocardiogram

17
Q

Measures electrical activity in a muscle. Invoves inserting a needle into a muscle and recording its activity.

A

Electromyography

recorded onto a electromyogram EMG

18
Q

Measuring the electrical signals of a muscle’s nerve

A

Nerve conduction study (NCS)

Used to to determine the cause of weakness and abnormal nerve conduciton

MS

ALS

19
Q

used to determine whether the electrical activity of the heart is normal

A

Electrocardiography

charted on a electrocardiogram or ECG

used to identify ischemia, heart attack, valve disorders, palpitations

20
Q

Device worn by a patient to monitor the hearts electrical activity

A

Holter Monitor

Used in the same way as a ECG traces the electrical activity of the heart identifying any arrhythmias.

monitor is worn for 24 hrs to a month

21
Q

Test used to look at the hearts rhythm during exercise in a controlled environment.

A

Cardiac Stress Test

pt. is hooked up to a ECG and is tested sub and maximally

Heart rhythm, blood presssure, pulse, and oxygen levels are recorded.

22
Q

Invasive procedure in which a small incision is made in the abdomen and a scope is inserted into the incision to view the inside of the abdomen.

A

Laproscopy

23
Q

Invasive procedure done to examine the colon or rectum for abnormalities.

A

Colonoscopy

24
Q

Test to determine the pH, protien, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, hemoglobin, nitrite, and specific gravity levels of urine

A

Urinalysis

25
Q

A microscopic review of a blood sample.

Used to examine specific components of whole blood and express those components in designated units (per volume of blood)

A

Complete Blood Count

26
Q

Non-invasive device to quickly measure the amount of oxygen saturation in a person’s blood

A

Pulse Oximeter

Normal values are 95-100% saturation

anything below 95% identify hypoxia

General Medical Conditions (7 decks)

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